Multi-link channel access

ABSTRACT

In a wireless local area network (WLAN) system, a transmitting multi-link device (MLD) may defer the transmission of a PPDU on a first link, even if a back-off counter of a non-primary link reaches zero, as long as a back-off counter of a primary link does not reach zero. When the transmission of the PPDU is deferred, the back-off counter may be kept at zero.

CROSS REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS

This application is a continuation of U.S. Pat. Application No. 17/774,839, filed on May 5, 2022, which is the National Stage filing under 35 U.S.C. 371 of International Application No. PCT/KR2020/015340, filed on Nov. 4, 2020, which claims the benefit of earlier filing date and right of priority to Korean Application Nos. 10-2019-0141254, filed Nov. 6, 2019, 10-2019-0165061, filed on Dec. 11, 2019, 10-2019-0174512, filed on Dec. 24, 2019, 10-2020-0002767, filed on Jan. 8, 2020, and 10-2020-0030986, filed on Mar. 12, 2020, the contents of which are all incorporated by reference herein in their entirety.

BACKGROUND Field of the Disclosure

The present specification relates to a method of performing channel access using a multi-link in a wireless local area network (WLAN) system.

Related Art

Wireless network technologies may include various types of wireless local area networks (WLANs). The WLAN employs widely used networking protocols and can be used to interconnect nearby devices together. The various technical features described herein may be applied to any communication standard, such as WiFi or, more generally, any one of the IEEE 802.11 family of wireless protocols. A wireless local area network (WLAN) has been enhanced in various ways. For example, the IEEE 802.11 ax standard has proposed an enhanced communication environment by using orthogonal frequency division multiple access (OFDMA) and downlink multi-user multiple input multiple output (DL MU MIMO) schemes.

The present specification proposes a technical feature that can be utilized in a new communication standard. For example, the new communication standard may be an extreme high throughput (EHT) standard which is currently being discussed. The EHT standard may use an increased bandwidth, an enhanced PHY layer protocol data unit (PPDU) structure, an enhanced sequence, a hybrid automatic repeat request (HARQ) scheme, or the like, which is newly proposed. The EHT standard may be called the IEEE 802.1 1be standard.

SUMMARY Technical Solutions

A method performed by a transmitting device in a wireless local area network (WLAN) system according to various embodiments may include technical features related to a channel access method using a multi-link. The wherein the transmitting multi-link device (MLD) may include a first station (STA) and a second STA, wherein the first STA may operate on a first link, and the second STA may operate on a second link. The transmitting MLD may perform channel access on the first link and the second link, wherein the first link is a primary link and the second link is a non-primary link. The transmitting MLD may defer transmission of a first physical protocol data unit (PPDU) on the second link based on that a back-off counter (BC) of the second link is zero and a BC of the first link is not zero. The transmitting MLD may transmit the first PPDU on the second link based on that BCs of the first and second links are both zeros.

Technical Solutions

According to an example of the present specification, a multi-link device (MLD) may solve a non-STR MLD collision problem through channel access in consideration of a primary link. In the non-primary link, transmission may not be performed even if the BC becomes zero. Also, when the BC becomes zero in the primary link, the non-primary link and the primary link may be aggregated to transmit PPDUs simultaneously in the non-primary link and the primary link. Accordingly, throughput can be increased, and the problem of collision of non-STR devices can be solved.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

FIG. 1 shows an example of a transmitting apparatus and/or receiving apparatus of the present specification.

FIG. 2 is a conceptual view illustrating the structure of a wireless local area network (WLAN).

FIG. 3 illustrates a general link setup process.

FIG. 4 illustrates an example of a PPDU used in an IEEE standard.

FIG. 5 illustrates a layout of resource units (RUs) used in a band of 20 MHz.

FIG. 6 illustrates a layout of RUs used in a band of 40 MHz.

FIG. 7 illustrates a layout of RUs used in a band of 80 MHz.

FIG. 8 illustrates a structure of an HE-SIG-B field.

FIG. 9 illustrates an example in which a plurality of user STAs are allocated to the same RU through a MU-MIMO scheme.

FIG. 10 illustrates an operation based on UL-MU.

FIG. 11 illustrates an example of a trigger frame.

FIG. 12 illustrates an example of a common information field of a trigger frame.

FIG. 13 illustrates an example of a subfield included in a per user information field.

FIG. 14 describes a technical feature of the UORA scheme.

FIG. 15 illustrates an example of a channel used/supported/defined within a 2.4 GHz band.

FIG. 16 illustrates an example of a channel used/supported/defined within a 5 GHz band.

FIG. 17 illustrates an example of a channel used/supported/defined within a 6 GHz band.

FIG. 18 illustrates an example of a PPDU used in the present specification.

FIG. 19 illustrates an example of a modified transmission device and/or receiving device of the present specification.

FIG. 20 is a diagram illustrating an example of channel bonding.

FIG. 21 is a diagram illustrating an embodiment of a device supporting multi-link.

FIG. 22 is a diagram illustrating an embodiment of a wireless LAN system.

FIG. 23 is a diagram illustrating an embodiment of a wireless LAN system.

FIG. 24 is a diagram illustrating an embodiment of a method for establishing a non-STR link set and a primary link.

FIG. 25 is a diagram illustrating an embodiment of a non-STR and STR link set signaling method.

FIG. 26 is a diagram illustrating an embodiment of link switching.

FIG. 27 to FIGS. 29 are diagrams illustrating an embodiment of a channel access method.

FIG. 30 is a diagram showing an embodiment of B-2) A.

FIG. 31 is a diagram showing an embodiment of B-2) B.

FIG. 32 is a diagram illustrating an embodiment of a method for a non-AP MLD to request a primary link establishment.

FIG. 33 is a diagram illustrating an embodiment of a method for an AP MLD to establish a primary link.

FIG. 34 is a diagram illustrating an embodiment of Rule 1.

FIG. 35 is a diagram illustrating an embodiment of a transmitting multi-link device (MLD) operation.

FIG. 36 is a diagram illustrating an embodiment of a receiving MLD operation.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION

In the present specification, “A or B” may mean “only A”, “only B” or “both A and B”. In other words, in the present specification, “A or B” may be interpreted as “A and/or B”. For example, in the present specification, “A, B, or C” may mean “only A”, “only B”, “only C”, or “any combination of A, B, C”.

A slash (/) or comma used in the present specification may mean “and/or”. For example, “A/B” may mean “A and/or B”. Accordingly, “A/B” may mean “only A”, “only B”, or “both A and B”. For example, “A, B, C” may mean “A, B, or C”.

In the present specification, “at least one of A and B” may mean “only A”, “only B”, or “both A and B”. In addition, in the present specification, the expression “at least one of A or B” or “at least one of A and/or B” may be interpreted as “at least one of A and B”.

In addition, in the present specification, “at least one of A, B, and C” may mean “only A”, “only B”, “only C”, or “any combination of A, B, and C”. In addition, “at least one of A, B, or C” or “at least one of A, B, and/or C” may mean “at least one of A, B, and C”.

In addition, a parenthesis used in the present specification may mean “for example”. Specifically, when indicated as “control information (EHT-signal)”, it may denote that “EHT-signal” is proposed as an example of the “control information”. In other words, the “control information” of the present specification is not limited to “EHT-signal”, and “EHT-signal” may be proposed as an example of the “control information”. In addition, when indicated as “control information (i.e., EHT-signal)”, it may also mean that “EHT-signal” is proposed as an example of the “control information”.

Technical features described individually in one figure in the present specification may be individually implemented, or may be simultaneously implemented.

The following example of the present specification may be applied to various wireless communication systems. For example, the following example of the present specification may be applied to a wireless local area network (WLAN) system. For example, the present specification may be applied to the IEEE 802.11a/g/n/ac standard or the IEEE 802.11ax standard. In addition, the present specification may also be applied to the newly proposed EHT standard or IEEE 802.11be standard. In addition, the example of the present specification may also be applied to a new WLAN standard enhanced from the EHT standard or the IEEE 802.11be standard. In addition, the example of the present specification may be applied to a mobile communication system. For example, it may be applied to a mobile communication system based on long term evolution (LTE) depending on a 3^(rd) generation partnership project (3GPP) standard and based on evolution of the LTE. In addition, the example of the present specification may be applied to a communication system of a 5G NR standard based on the 3GPP standard.

Hereinafter, in order to describe a technical feature of the present specification, a technical feature applicable to the present specification will be described.

FIG. 1 shows an example of a transmitting apparatus and/or receiving apparatus of the present specification.

In the example of FIG. 1 , various technical features described below may be performed. FIG. 1 relates to at least one station (STA). For example, STAs 110 and 120 of the present specification may also be called in various terms such as a mobile terminal, a wireless device, a wireless transmit/receive unit (WTRU), a user equipment (UE), a mobile station (MS), a mobile subscriber unit, or simply a user. The STAs 110 and 120 of the present specification may also be called in various terms such as a network, a base station, a node-B, an access point (AP), a repeater, a router, a relay, or the like. The STAs 110 and 120 of the present specification may also be referred to as various names such as a receiving apparatus, a transmitting apparatus, a receiving STA, a transmitting STA, a receiving device, a transmitting device, or the like.

For example, the STAs 110 and 120 may serve as an AP or a non-AP. That is, the STAs 110 and 120 of the present specification may serve as the AP and/or the non-AP.

The STAs 110 and 120 of the present specification may support various communication standards together in addition to the IEEE 802.11 standard. For example, a communication standard (e.g., LTE, LTE-A, 5G NR standard) or the like based on the 3GPP standard may be supported. In addition, the STA of the present specification may be implemented as various devices such as a mobile phone, a vehicle, a personal computer, or the like. In addition, the STA of the present specification may support communication for various communication services such as voice calls, video calls, data communication, and self-driving (autonomous-driving), or the like.

The STAs 110 and 120 of the present specification may include a medium access control (MAC) conforming to the IEEE 802.11 standard and a physical layer interface for a radio medium.

The STAs 110 and 120 will be described below with reference to a sub-figure (a) of FIG. 1 .

The first STA 110 may include a processor 111, a memory 112, and a transceiver 113. The illustrated process, memory, and transceiver may be implemented individually as separate chips, or at least two blocks/functions may be implemented through a single chip.

The transceiver 113 of the first STA performs a signal transmission/reception operation. Specifically, an IEEE 802.11 packet (e.g., IEEE 802.11a/b/g/n/ac/ax/be, etc.) may be transmitted/received.

For example, the first STA 110 may perform an operation intended by an AP. For example, the processor 111 of the AP may receive a signal through the transceiver 113, process a reception (RX) signal, generate a transmission (TX) signal, and provide control for signal transmission. The memory 112 of the AP may store a signal (e.g., RX signal) received through the transceiver 113, and may store a signal (e.g., TX signal) to be transmitted through the transceiver.

For example, the second STA 120 may perform an operation intended by a non-AP STA. For example, a transceiver 123 of a non-AP performs a signal transmission/reception operation. Specifically, an IEEE 802.11 packet (e.g., IEEE 802.11a/b/g/n/ac/ax/be packet, etc.) may be transmitted/received.

For example, a processor 121 of the non-AP STA may receive a signal through the transceiver 123, process an RX signal, generate a TX signal, and provide control for signal transmission. A memory 122 of the non-AP STA may store a signal (e.g., RX signal) received through the transceiver 123, and may store a signal (e.g., TX signal) to be transmitted through the transceiver.

For example, an operation of a device indicated as an AP in the specification described below may be performed in the first STA 110 or the second STA 120. For example, if the first STA 110 is the AP, the operation of the device indicated as the AP may be controlled by the processor 111 of the first STA 110, and a related signal may be transmitted or received through the transceiver 113 controlled by the processor 111 of the first STA 110. In addition, control information related to the operation of the AP or a TX/RX signal of the AP may be stored in the memory 112 of the first STA 110. In addition, if the second STA 120 is the AP, the operation of the device indicated as the AP may be controlled by the processor 121 of the second STA 120, and a related signal may be transmitted or received through the transceiver 123 controlled by the processor 121 of the second STA 120. In addition, control information related to the operation of the AP or a TX/RX signal of the AP may be stored in the memory 122 of the second STA 120.

For example, in the specification described below, an operation of a device indicated as a non-AP (or user-STA) may be performed in the first STA 110 or the second STA 120. For example, if the second STA 120 is the non-AP, the operation of the device indicated as the non-AP may be controlled by the processor 121 of the second STA 120, and a related signal may be transmitted or received through the transceiver 123 controlled by the processor 121 of the second STA 120. In addition, control information related to the operation of the non-AP or a TX/RX signal of the non-AP may be stored in the memory 122 of the second STA 120. For example, if the first STA 110 is the non-AP, the operation of the device indicated as the non-AP may be controlled by the processor 111 of the first STA 110, and a related signal may be transmitted or received through the transceiver 113 controlled by the processor 111 of the first STA 110. In addition, control information related to the operation of the non-AP or a TX/RX signal of the non-AP may be stored in the memory 112 of the first STA 110.

In the specification described below, a device called a (transmitting/receiving) STA, a first STA, a second STA, a STA1, a STA2, an AP, a first AP, a second AP, an AP1, an AP2, a (transmitting/receiving) terminal, a (transmitting/receiving) device, a (transmitting/receiving) apparatus, a network, or the like may imply the STAs 110 and 120 of FIG. 1 . For example, a device indicated as, without a specific reference numeral, the (transmitting/receiving) STA, the first STA, the second STA, the STA1, the STA2, the AP, the first AP, the second AP, the AP1, the AP2, the (transmitting/receiving) terminal, the (transmitting/receiving) device, the (transmitting/receiving) apparatus, the network, or the like may imply the STAs 110 and 120 of FIG. 1 . For example, in the following example, an operation in which various STAs transmit/receive a signal (e.g., a PPDU) may be performed in the transceivers 113 and 123 of FIG. 1 . In addition, in the following example, an operation in which various STAs generate a TX/RX signal or perform data processing and computation in advance for the TX/RX signal may be performed in the processors 111 and 121 of FIG. 1 . For example, an example of an operation for generating the TX/RX signal or performing the data processing and computation in advance may include: 1) an operation of determining/obtaining/configuring/computing/decoding/encoding bit information of a sub-field (SIG, STF, LTF, Data) included in a PPDU; 2) an operation of determining/configuring/obtaining a time resource or frequency resource (e.g., a subcarrier resource) or the like used for the sub-field (SIG, STF, LTF, Data) included the PPDU; 3) an operation of determining/configuring/obtaining a specific sequence (e.g., a pilot sequence, an STF/LTF sequence, an extra sequence applied to SIG) or the like used for the sub-field (SIG, STF, LTF, Data) field included in the PPDU; 4) a power control operation and/or power saving operation applied for the STA; and 5) an operation related to determining/obtaining/configuring/decoding/encoding or the like of an ACK signal. In addition, in the following example, a variety of information used by various STAs for determining/obtaining/configuring/computing/decoding/decoding a TX/RX signal (e.g., information related to a field/subfield/control field/parameter/power or the like) may be stored in the memories 112 and 122 of FIG. 1 .

The aforementioned device/STA of the sub-figure (a) of FIG. 1 may be modified as shown in the sub-figure (b) of FIG. 1 . Hereinafter, the STAs 110 and 120 of the present specification will be described based on the sub-figure (b) of FIG. 1 .

For example, the transceivers 113 and 123 illustrated in the sub-figure (b) of FIG. 1 may perform the same function as the aforementioned transceiver illustrated in the sub-figure (a) of FIG. 1 . For example, processing chips 114 and 124 illustrated in the sub-figure (b) of FIG. 1 may include the processors 111 and 121 and the memories 112 and 122. The processors 111 and 121 and memories 112 and 122 illustrated in the sub-figure (b) of FIG. 1 may perform the same function as the aforementioned processors 111 and 121 and memories 112 and 122 illustrated in the sub-figure (a) of FIG. 1 .

A mobile terminal, a wireless device, a wireless transmit/receive unit (WTRU), a user equipment (UE), a mobile station (MS), a mobile subscriber unit, a user, a user STA, a network, a base station, a Node-B, an access point (AP), a repeater, a router, a relay, a receiving unit, a transmitting unit, a receiving STA, a transmitting STA, a receiving device, a transmitting device, a receiving apparatus, and/or a transmitting apparatus, which are described below, may imply the STAs 110 and 120 illustrated in the sub-figure (a)/(b) of FIG. 1 , or may imply the processing chips 114 and 124 illustrated in the sub-figure (b) of FIG. 1 . That is, a technical feature of the present specification may be performed in the STAs 110 and 120 illustrated in the sub-figure (a)/(b) of FIG. 1 , or may be performed only in the processing chips 114 and 124 illustrated in the sub-figure (b) of FIG. 1 . For example, a technical feature in which the transmitting STA transmits a control signal may be understood as a technical feature in which a control signal generated in the processors 111 and 121 illustrated in the sub-figure (a)/(b) of FIG. 1 is transmitted through the transceivers 113 and 123 illustrated in the sub-figure (a)/(b) of FIG. 1 . Alternatively, the technical feature in which the transmitting STA transmits the control signal may be understood as a technical feature in which the control signal to be transferred to the transceivers 113 and 123 is generated in the processing chips 114 and 124 illustrated in the sub-figure (b) of FIG. 1 .

For example, a technical feature in which the receiving STA receives the control signal may be understood as a technical feature in which the control signal is received by means of the transceivers 113 and 123 illustrated in the sub-figure (a) of FIG. 1 . Alternatively, the technical feature in which the receiving STA receives the control signal may be understood as the technical feature in which the control signal received in the transceivers 113 and 123 illustrated in the sub-figure (a) of FIG. 1 is obtained by the processors 111 and 121 illustrated in the sub-figure (a) of FIG. 1 . Alternatively, the technical feature in which the receiving STA receives the control signal may be understood as the technical feature in which the control signal received in the transceivers 113 and 123 illustrated in the sub-figure (b) of FIG. 1 is obtained by the processing chips 114 and 124 illustrated in the sub-figure (b) of FIG. 1 .

Referring to the sub-figure (b) of FIG. 1 , software codes 115 and 125 may be included in the memories 112 and 122. The software codes 115 and 126 may include instructions for controlling an operation of the processors 111 and 121. The software codes 115 and 125 may be included as various programming languages.

The processors 111 and 121 or processing chips 114 and 124 of FIG. 1 may include an application-specific integrated circuit (ASIC), other chipsets, a logic circuit and/or a data processing device. The processor may be an application processor (AP). For example, the processors 111 and 121 or processing chips 114 and 124 of FIG. 1 may include at least one of a digital signal processor (DSP), a central processing unit (CPU), a graphics processing unit (GPU), and a modulator and demodulator (modem). For example, the processors 111 and 121 or processing chips 114 and 124 of FIG. 1 may be SNAPDRAGONTM series of processors made by Qualcomm®, EXYNOSTM series of processors made by Samsung®, A series of processors made by Apple®, HELIOTM series of processors made by MediaTek®, ATOMTM series of processors made by Intel® or processors enhanced from these processors.

In the present specification, an uplink may imply a link for communication from a non-AP STA to an SP STA, and an uplink PPDU/packet/signal or the like may be transmitted through the uplink. In addition, in the present specification, a downlink may imply a link for communication from the AP STA to the non-AP STA, and a downlink PPDU/packet/signal or the like may be transmitted through the downlink.

FIG. 2 is a conceptual view illustrating the structure of a wireless local area network (WLAN).

An upper part of FIG. 2 illustrates the structure of an infrastructure basic service set (BSS) of institute of electrical and electronic engineers (IEEE) 802.11.

Referring the upper part of FIG. 2 , the wireless LAN system may include one or more infrastructure BSSs 200 and 205 (hereinafter, referred to as BSS). The BSSs 200 and 205 as a set of an AP and a STA such as an access point (AP) 225 and a station (STA1) 200-1 which are successfully synchronized to communicate with each other are not concepts indicating a specific region. The BSS 205 may include one or more STAs 205-1 and 205-2 which may be joined to one AP 230.

The BSS may include at least one STA, APs providing a distribution service, and a distribution system (DS) 210 connecting multiple APs.

The distribution system 210 may implement an extended service set (ESS) 240 extended by connecting the multiple BSSs 200 and 205. The ESS 240 may be used as a term indicating one network configured by connecting one or more APs 225 or 230 through the distribution system 210. The AP included in one ESS 240 may have the same service set identification (SSID).

A portal 220 may serve as a bridge which connects the wireless LAN network (IEEE 802.11) and another network (e.g., 802.X).

In the BSS illustrated in the upper part of FIG. 2 , a network between the APs 225 and 230 and a network between the APs 225 and 230 and the STAs 200-1, 205-1, and 205-2 may be implemented. However, the network is configured even between the STAs without the APs 225 and 230 to perform communication. A network in which the communication is performed by configuring the network even between the STAs without the APs 225 and 230 is defined as an Ad-Hoc network or an independent basic service set (IBSS).

A lower part of FIG. 2 illustrates a conceptual view illustrating the IBSS.

Referring to the lower part of FIG. 2 , the IBSS is a BSS that operates in an Ad-Hoc mode. Since the IBSS does not include the access point (AP), a centralized management entity that performs a management function at the center does not exist. That is, in the IBSS, STAs 250-1, 250-2, 250-3, 255-4, and 255-5 are managed by a distributed manner. In the IBSS, all STAs 250-1, 250-2, 250-3, 255-4, and 255-5 may be constituted by movable STAs and are not permitted to access the DS to constitute a self-contained network.

FIG. 3 illustrates a general link setup process.

In S310, a STA may perform a network discovery operation. The network discovery operation may include a scanning operation of the STA. That is, to access a network, the STA needs to discover a participating network. The STA needs to identify a compatible network before participating in a wireless network, and a process of identifying a network present in a particular area is referred to as scanning. Scanning methods include active scanning and passive scanning.

FIG. 3 illustrates a network discovery operation including an active scanning process. In active scanning, a STA performing scanning transmits a probe request frame and waits for a response to the probe request frame in order to identify which AP is present around while moving to channels. A responder transmits a probe response frame as a response to the probe request frame to the STA having transmitted the probe request frame. Here, the responder may be a STA that transmits the last beacon frame in a BSS of a channel being scanned. In the BSS, since an AP transmits a beacon frame, the AP is the responder. In an IBSS, since STAs in the IBSS transmit a beacon frame in turns, the responder is not fixed. For example, when the STA transmits a probe request frame via channel 1 and receives a probe response frame via channel 1, the STA may store BSS-related information included in the received probe response frame, may move to the next channel (e.g., channel 2), and may perform scanning (e.g., transmits a probe request and receives a probe response via channel 2) by the same method.

Although not shown in FIG. 3 , scanning may be performed by a passive scanning method. In passive scanning, a STA performing scanning may wait for a beacon frame while moving to channels. A beacon frame is one of management frames in IEEE 802.11 and is periodically transmitted to indicate the presence of a wireless network and to enable the STA performing scanning to find the wireless network and to participate in the wireless network. In a BSS, an AP serves to periodically transmit a beacon frame. In an IBSS, STAs in the IBSS transmit a beacon frame in turns. Upon receiving the beacon frame, the STA performing scanning stores information related to a BSS included in the beacon frame and records beacon frame information in each channel while moving to another channel. The STA having received the beacon frame may store BSS-related information included in the received beacon frame, may move to the next channel, and may perform scanning in the next channel by the same method.

After discovering the network, the STA may perform an authentication process in S320. The authentication process may be referred to as a first authentication process to be clearly distinguished from the following security setup operation in S340. The authentication process in S320 may include a process in which the STA transmits an authentication request frame to the AP and the AP transmits an authentication response frame to the STA in response. The authentication frames used for an authentication request/response are management frames.

The authentication frames may include information related to an authentication algorithm number, an authentication transaction sequence number, a status code, a challenge text, a robust security network (RSN), and a finite cyclic group.

The STA may transmit the authentication request frame to the AP. The AP may determine whether to allow the authentication of the STA based on the information included in the received authentication request frame. The AP may provide the authentication processing result to the STA via the authentication response frame.

When the STA is successfully authenticated, the STA may perform an association process in S330. The association process includes a process in which the STA transmits an association request frame to the AP and the AP transmits an association response frame to the STA in response. The association request frame may include, for example, information related to various capabilities, a beacon listen interval, a service set identifier (SSID), a supported rate, a supported channel, RSN, a mobility domain, a supported operating class, a traffic indication map (TIM) broadcast request, and an interworking service capability. The association response frame may include, for example, information related to various capabilities, a status code, an association ID (AID), a supported rate, an enhanced distributed channel access (EDCA) parameter set, a received channel power indicator (RCPI), a received signal-to-noise indicator (RSNI), a mobility domain, a timeout interval (association comeback time), an overlapping BSS scanning parameter, a TIM broadcast response, and a QoS map.

In S340, the STA may perform a security setup process. The security setup process in S340 may include a process of setting up a private key through four-way handshaking, for example, through an extensible authentication protocol over LAN (EAPOL) frame.

FIG. 4 illustrates an example of a PPDU used in an IEEE standard.

As illustrated, various types of PHY protocol data units (PPDUs) are used in IEEE a/g/n/ac standards. Specifically, an LTF and a STF include a training signal, a SIG-A and a SIG-B include control information for a receiving STA, and a data field includes user data corresponding to a PSDU (MAC PDU/aggregated MAC PDU).

FIG. 4 also includes an example of an HE PPDU according to IEEE 802.11 ax. The HE PPDU according to FIG. 4 is an illustrative PPDU for multiple users. An HE-SIG-B may be included only in a PPDU for multiple users, and an HE-SIG-B may be omitted in a PPDU for a single user.

As illustrated in FIG. 4 , the HE-PPDU for multiple users (MUs) may include a legacy-short training field (L-STF), a legacy-long training field (L-LTF), a legacy-signal (L-SIG), a high efficiency-signal A (HE-SIG A), a high efficiency-signal-B (HE-SIG B), a high efficiency-short training field (HE-STF), a high efficiency-long training field (HE-LTF), a data field (alternatively, an MAC payload), and a packet extension (PE) field. The respective fields may be transmitted for illustrated time periods (i.e., 4 or 8 µs).

Hereinafter, a resource unit (RU) used for a PPDU is described. An RU may include a plurality of subcarriers (or tones). An RU may be used to transmit a signal to a plurality of STAs according to OFDMA. Further, an RU may also be defined to transmit a signal to one STA. An RU may be used for an STF, an LTF, a data field, or the like.

FIG. 5 illustrates a layout of resource units (RUs) used in a band of 20 MHz.

As illustrated in FIG. 5 , resource units (RUs) corresponding to different numbers of tones (i.e., subcarriers) may be used to form some fields of an HE-PPDU. For example, resources may be allocated in illustrated RUs for an HE-STF, an HE-LTF, and a data field.

As illustrated in the uppermost part of FIG. 5 , a 26-unit (i.e., a unit corresponding to 26 tones) may be disposed. Six tones may be used for a guard band in the leftmost band of the 20 MHz band, and five tones may be used for a guard band in the rightmost band of the 20 MHz band. Further, seven DC tones may be inserted in a center band, that is, a DC band, and a 26-unit corresponding to 13 tones on each of the left and right sides of the DC band may be disposed. A 26-unit, a 52-unit, and a 106-unit may be allocated to other bands. Each unit may be allocated for a receiving STA, that is, a user.

The layout of the RUs in FIG. 5 may be used not only for a multiple users (MUs) but also for a single user (SU), in which case one 242-unit may be used and three DC tones may be inserted as illustrated in the lowermost part of FIG. 5 .

Although FIG. 5 proposes RUs having various sizes, that is, a 26-RU, a 52-RU, a 106-RU, and a 242-RU, specific sizes of RUs may be extended or increased. Therefore, the present embodiment is not limited to the specific size of each RU (i.e., the number of corresponding tones).

FIG. 6 illustrates a layout of RUs used in a band of 40 MHz.

Similarly to FIG. 5 in which RUs having various sizes are used, a 26-RU, a 52-RU, a 106-RU, a 242-RU, a 484-RU, and the like may be used in an example of FIG. 6 . Further, five DC tones may be inserted in a center frequency, 12 tones may be used for a guard band in the leftmost band of the 40 MHz band, and 11 tones may be used for a guard band in the rightmost band of the 40 MHz band.

As illustrated in FIG. 6 , when the layout of the RUs is used for a single user, a 484-RU may be used. The specific number of RUs may be changed similarly to FIG. 5 .

FIG. 7 illustrates a layout of RUs used in a band of 80 MHz.

Similarly to FIG. 5 and FIG. 6 in which RUs having various sizes are used, a 26-RU, a 52-RU, a 106-RU, a 242-RU, a 484-RU, a 996-RU, and the like may be used in an example of FIG. 7 . Further, seven DC tones may be inserted in the center frequency, 12 tones may be used for a guard band in the leftmost band of the 80 MHz band, and 11 tones may be used for a guard band in the rightmost band of the 80 MHz band. In addition, a 26-RU corresponding to 13 tones on each of the left and right sides of the DC band may be used.

As illustrated in FIG. 7 , when the layout of the RUs is used for a single user, a 996-RU may be used, in which case five DC tones may be inserted.

The RU described in the present specification may be used in uplink (UL) communication and downlink (DL) communication. For example, when UL-MU communication which is solicited by a trigger frame is performed, a transmitting STA (e.g., an AP) may allocate a first RU (e.g., 26/52/106/242-RU, etc.) to a first STA through the trigger frame, and may allocate a second RU (e.g., 26/52/106/242-RU, etc.) to a second STA. Thereafter, the first STA may transmit a first trigger-based PPDU based on the first RU, and the second STA may transmit a second trigger-based PPDU based on the second RU. The first/second trigger-based PPDU is transmitted to the AP at the same (or overlapped) time period.

For example, when a DL MU PPDU is configured, the transmitting STA (e.g., AP) may allocate the first RU (e.g., 26/52/106/242-RU. etc.) to the first STA, and may allocate the second RU (e.g., 26/52/106/242-RU, etc.) to the second STA. That is, the transmitting STA (e.g., AP) may transmit HE-STF, HE-LTF, and Data fields for the first STA through the first RU in one MU PPDU, and may transmit HE-STF, HE-LTF, and Data fields for the second STA through the second RU.

Information related to a layout of the RU may be signaled through HE-SIG-B.

FIG. 8 illustrates a structure of an HE-SIG-B field.

As illustrated, an HE-SIG-B field 810 includes a common field 820 and a user-specific field 830. The common field 820 may include information commonly applied to all users (i.e., user STAs) which receive SIG-B. The user-specific field 830 may be called a user-specific control field. When the SIG-B is transferred to a plurality of users, the user-specific field 830 may be applied only any one of the plurality of users.

As illustrated in FIG. 8 , the common field 820 and the user-specific field 830 may be separately encoded.

The common field 820 may include RU allocation information of N*8 bits. For example, the RU allocation information may include information related to a location of an RU. For example, when a 20 MHz channel is used as shown in FIG. 5 , the RU allocation information may include information related to a specific frequency band to which a specific RU (26-RU/52-RU/106-RU) is arranged.

An example of a case in which the RU allocation information consists of 8 bits is as follows.

TABLE 1 8 bits indices (B7 B6 B5 B4 B3 B2 B1 B0) #1 #2 #3 #4 #5 #6 #7 #8 #9 Number of entries 00000000 26 26 26 26 26 26 26 26 26 1 00000001 26 26 26 26 26 26 26 52 1 00000010 26 26 26 26 26 52 26 26 1 00000011 26 26 26 26 26 52 52 1 00000100 26 26 52 26 26 26 26 26 1 00000101 26 26 52 26 26 26 52 1 00000110 26 26 52 26 52 26 26 1 00000111 26 26 52 26 52 52 1 00001000 52 26 2 6 26 2 6 26 26 26 1

As shown the example of FIG. 5 , up to nine 26-RUs may be allocated to the 20 MHz channel. When the RU allocation information of the common field 820 is set to “00000000” as shown in Table 1, the nine 26-RUs may be allocated to a corresponding channel (i.e., 20 MHz). In addition, when the RU allocation information of the common field 820 is set to “00000001” as shown in Table 1, seven 26-RUs and one 52-RU are arranged in a corresponding channel. That is, in the example of FIG. 5 , the 52-RU may be allocated to the rightmost side, and the seven 26-RUs may be allocated to the left thereof.

The example of Table 1 shows only some of RU locations capable of displaying the RU allocation information.

For example, the RU allocation information may include an example of Table 2 below.

TABLE 2 8 bits indices (B7 B6 B5 B4 B3 B2 B1 B0) #1 #2 #3 #4 #5 #6 #7 #8 #9 Number of entries 01000y₂y₁y₀ 106 26 26 26 26 2 6 8 01001y₂y1y₀ 106 26 26 26 52 8

“01000y2yly0” relates to an example in which a 106-RU is allocated to the leftmost side of the 20 MHz channel, and five 26-RUs are allocated to the right side thereof. In this case, a plurality of STAs (e.g., user-STAs) may be allocated to the 106-RU, based on a MU-MIMO scheme. Specifically, up to 8 STAs (e.g., user-STAs) may be allocated to the 106-RU, and the number of STAs (e.g., user-STAs) allocated to the 106-RU is determined based on 3-bit information (y2y1y0). For example, when the 3-bit information (y2y1y0) is set to N, the number of STAs (e.g., user-STAs) allocated to the 106-RU based on the MU-MIMO scheme may be N+1.

In general, a plurality of STAs (e.g., user STAs) different from each other may be allocated to a plurality of RUs. However, the plurality of STAs (e.g., user STAs) may be allocated to one or more RUs having at least a specific size (e.g., 106 subcarriers), based on the MU-MIMO scheme.

As shown in FIG. 8 , the user-specific field 830 may include a plurality of user fields. As described above, the number of STAs (e.g., user STAs) allocated to a specific channel may be determined based on the RU allocation information of the common field 820. For example, when the RU allocation information of the common field 820 is “00000000”, one user STA may be allocated to each of nine 26-RUs (e.g., nine user STAs may be allocated). That is, up to 9 user STAs may be allocated to a specific channel through an OFDMA scheme. In other words, up to 9 user STAs may be allocated to a specific channel through a non-MU-MIMO scheme.

For example, when RU allocation is set to “01000y2y1y0”, a plurality of STAs may be allocated to the 106-RU arranged at the leftmost side through the MU-MIMO scheme, and five user STAs may be allocated to five 26-RUs arranged to the right side thereof through the non-MU MIMO scheme. This case is specified through an example of FIG. 9 .

FIG. 9 illustrates an example in which a plurality of user STAs are allocated to the same RU through a MU-MIMO scheme.

For example, when RU allocation is set to “01000010” as shown in FIG. 9 , a 106-RU may be allocated to the leftmost side of a specific channel, and five 26-RUs may be allocated to the right side thereof. In addition, three user STAs may be allocated to the 106-RU through the MU-MIMO scheme. As a result, since eight user STAs are allocated, the user-specific field 830 of HE-SIG-B may include eight user fields.

The eight user fields may be expressed in the order shown in FIG. 9 . In addition, as shown in FIG. 8 , two user fields may be implemented with one user block field.

The user fields shown in FIG. 8 and FIG. 9 may be configured based on two formats. That is, a user field related to a MU-MIMO scheme may be configured in a first format, and a user field related to a non-MIMO scheme may be configured in a second format. Referring to the example of FIG. 9 , a user field 1 to a user field 3 may be based on the first format, and a user field 4 to a user field 8 may be based on the second format. The first format or the second format may include bit information of the same length (e.g., 21 bits).

Each user field may have the same size (e.g., 21 bits). For example, the user field of the first format (the first of the MU-MIMO scheme) may be configured as follows.

For example, a first bit (i.e., B0-B10) in the user field (i.e., 21 bits) may include identification information (e.g., STA-ID, partial AID, etc.) of a user STA to which a corresponding user field is allocated. In addition, a second bit (i.e., B11-B14) in the user field (i.e., 21 bits) may include information related to a spatial configuration. Specifically, an example of the second bit (i.e., B11-B14) may be as shown in Table 3 and Table 4 below.

TABLE 3 N_(user) B3 ... B0 N_(STS) [1] N_(STS) [2] N_(STS) [3] N_(STS) [4] N_(STS) [5] N_(STS) [6] N_(STS) [7] N_(STS) [8] Total N_(STS) Number of entries 2 0000-0011 1-4 1 2-5 1 0 0100-0110 2-4 2 4-6 0111-1000 3-4 3 6-7 1001 4 4 8 3 0000-0011 1-4 1 1 3 6 1 3 0100-0110 2-4 2 1 5-7 0111-1000 3-4 3 1 7-8 1001-1011 2-4 2 2 6-8 1100 3 3 2 8 4 0000-0011 1-4 1 1 1 4-7 11 0100-0110 2-4 2 1 1 6-8 0111 3 3 1 1 8 1000-1001 2-3 2 1 7-8 1010 2 2 2 2 8

TABLE 4 N_(user) B3...B0 N_(STS) [1] N_(STS) [2] N_(STS) [3] N_(STS) [4] N_(STS) [5] N_(STS) [6] N_(STS) [ 7] -N_(STS) [8] Total N_(STS) Number of entries 5 0000-0011 1-4 1 1 1 1 5-8 7 0100-0101 2 -3 2 1 1 1 7-8 0110 2 2 2 1 1 8 6 0000-0010 1-3 1 1 1 1 1 6-8 4 0011 2 2 1 1 1 1 8 7 0000-0001 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 7-8 2 8 0000 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 8 1

As shown in Table 3 and/or Table 4, the second bit (e.g., B11-B14) may include information related to the number of spatial streams allocated to the plurality of user STAs which are allocated based on the MU-MIMO scheme. For example, when three user STAs are allocated to the 106-RU based on the MU-MIMO scheme as shown in FIG. 9 , N_user is set to “3”. Therefore, values of N_STS[1], N_STS[2], and N_STS[3] may be determined as shown in Table 3. For example, when a value of the second bit (B11-B14) is “0011”, it may be set to N_STS[1]=4, N_STS[2]=1, N_STS[3]=1. That is, in the example of FIG. 9 , four spatial streams may be allocated to the user field 1, one spatial stream may be allocated to the user field 1, and one spatial stream may be allocated to the user field 3.

As shown in the example of Table 3 and/or Table 4, information (i.e., the second bit, B11-B14) related to the number of spatial streams for the user STA may consist of 4 bits. In addition, the information (i.e., the second bit, B11-B14) on the number of spatial streams for the user STA may support up to eight spatial streams. In addition, the information (i.e., the second bit, B11-B14) on the number of spatial streams for the user STA may support up to four spatial streams for one user STA.

In addition, a third bit (i.e., B15-18) in the user field (i.e., 21 bits) may include modulation and coding scheme (MCS) information. The MCS information may be applied to a data field in a PPDU including corresponding SIG-B.

An MCS, MCS information, an MCS index, an MCS field, or the like used in the present specification may be indicated by an index value. For example, the MCS information may be indicated by an index 0 to an index 11. The MCS information may include information related to a constellation modulation type (e.g., BPSK, QPSK, 16-QAM, 64-QAM, 256-QAM, 1024-QAM, etc.) and information related to a coding rate (e.g., ½, ⅔, ¾, ⅚e, etc.). Information related to a channel coding type (e.g., LCC or LDPC) may be excluded in the MCS information.

In addition, a fourth bit (i.e., B19) in the user field (i.e., 21 bits) may be a reserved field.

In addition, a fifth bit (i.e., B20) in the user field (i.e., 21 bits) may include information related to a coding type (e.g., BCC or LDPC). That is, the fifth bit (i.e., B20) may include information related to a type (e.g., BCC or LDPC) of channel coding applied to the data field in the PPDU including the corresponding SIG-B.

The aforementioned example relates to the user field of the first format (the format of the MU-MIMO scheme). An example of the user field of the second format (the format of the non-MU-MIMO scheme) is as follows.

A first bit (e.g., B0-B10) in the user field of the second format may include identification information of a user STA. In addition, a second bit (e.g., B11-B13) in the user field of the second format may include information related to the number of spatial streams applied to a corresponding RU. In addition, a third bit (e.g., B14) in the user field of the second format may include information related to whether a beamforming steering matrix is applied. A fourth bit (e.g., B15-B18) in the user field of the second format may include modulation and coding scheme (MCS) information. In addition, a fifth bit (e.g., B19) in the user field of the second format may include information related to whether dual carrier modulation (DCM) is applied. In addition, a sixth bit (i.e., B20) in the user field of the second format may include information related to a coding type (e.g., BCC or LDPC).

FIG. 10 illustrates an operation based on UL-MU. As illustrated, a transmitting STA (e.g., an AP) may perform channel access through contending (e.g., a backoff operation), and may transmit a trigger frame 1030. That is, the transmitting STA may transmit a PPDU including the trigger frame 1030. Upon receiving the PPDU including the trigger frame, a trigger-based (TB) PPDU is transmitted after a delay corresponding to SIFS.

TB PPDUs 1041 and 1042 may be transmitted at the same time period, and may be transmitted from a plurality of STAs (e.g., user STAs) having AIDs indicated in the trigger frame 1030. An ACK frame 1050 for the TB PPDU may be implemented in various forms.

A specific feature of the trigger frame is described with reference to FIG. 11 to FIG. 13 . Even if UL-MU communication is used, an orthogonal frequency division multiple access (OFDMA) scheme or a MU MIMO scheme may be used, and the OFDMA and MU-MIMO schemes may be simultaneously used.

FIG. 11 illustrates an example of a trigger frame. The trigger frame of FIG. 11 allocates a resource for uplink multiple-user (MU) transmission, and may be transmitted, for example, from an AP. The trigger frame may be configured of a MAC frame, and may be included in a PPDU.

Each field shown in FIG. 11 may be partially omitted, and another field may be added. In addition, a length of each field may be changed to be different from that shown in the figure.

A frame control field 1110 of FIG. 11 may include information related to a MAC protocol version and extra additional control information. A duration field 1120 may include time information for NAV configuration or information related to an identifier (e.g., AID) of a STA.

In addition, an RA field 1130 may include address information of a receiving STA of a corresponding trigger frame, and may be optionally omitted. A TA field 1140 may include address information of a STA (e.g., an AP) which transmits the corresponding trigger frame. A common information field 1150 includes common control information applied to the receiving STA which receives the corresponding trigger frame. For example, a field indicating a length of an L-SIG field of an uplink PPDU transmitted in response to the corresponding trigger frame or information for controlling content of a SIG-A field (i.e., HE-SIG-A field) of the uplink PPDU transmitted in response to the corresponding trigger frame may be included. In addition, as common control information, information related to a length of a CP of the uplink PPDU transmitted in response to the corresponding trigger frame or information related to a length of an LTF field may be included.

In addition, per user information fields 1160#1 to 1160#N corresponding to the number of receiving STAs which receive the trigger frame of FIG. 11 are preferably included. The per user information field may also be called an “allocation field”.

In addition, the trigger frame of FIG. 11 may include a padding field 1170 and a frame check sequence field 1180.

Each of the per user information fields 1160#1 to 1160#N shown in FIG. 11 may include a plurality of subfields.

FIG. 12 illustrates an example of a common information field of a trigger frame. A subfield of FIG. 12 may be partially omitted, and an extra subfield may be added. In addition, a length of each subfield illustrated may be changed.

A length field 1210 illustrated has the same value as a length field of an L-SIG field of an uplink PPDU transmitted in response to a corresponding trigger frame, and a length field of the L-SIG field of the uplink PPDU indicates a length of the uplink PPDU. As a result, the length field 1210 of the trigger frame may be used to indicate the length of the corresponding uplink PPDU.

In addition, a cascade identifier field 1220 indicates whether a cascade operation is performed. The cascade operation implies that downlink MU transmission and uplink MU transmission are performed together in the same TXOP. That is, it implies that downlink MU transmission is performed and thereafter uplink MU transmission is performed after a pre-set time (e.g., SIFS). During the cascade operation, only one transmitting device (e.g., AP) may perform downlink communication, and a plurality of transmitting devices (e.g., non-APs) may perform uplink communication.

A CS request field 1230 indicates whether a wireless medium state or a NAV or the like is necessarily considered in a situation where a receiving device which has received a corresponding trigger frame transmits a corresponding uplink PPDU.

An HE-SIG-A information field 1240 may include information for controlling content of a SIG-A field (i.e., HE-SIG-A field) of the uplink PPDU in response to the corresponding trigger frame.

A CP and LTF type field 1250 may include information related to a CP length and LTF length of the uplink PPDU transmitted in response to the corresponding trigger frame. A trigger type field 1260 may indicate a purpose of using the corresponding trigger frame, for example, typical triggering, triggering for beamforming, a request for block ACK/NACK, or the like.

It may be assumed that the trigger type field 1260 of the trigger frame in the present specification indicates a trigger frame of a basic type for typical triggering. For example, the trigger frame of the basic type may be referred to as a basic trigger frame.

FIG. 13 illustrates an example of a subfield included in a per user information field. A user information field 1300 of FIG. 13 may be understood as any one of the per user information fields 1160#1 to 1160#N mentioned above with reference to FIG. 11 . A subfield included in the user information field 1300 of FIG. 13 may be partially omitted, and an extra subfield may be added. In addition, a length of each subfield illustrated may be changed.

A user identifier field 1310 of FIG. 13 indicates an identifier of a STA (i.e., receiving STA) corresponding to per user information. An example of the identifier may be the entirety or part of an association identifier (AID) value of the receiving STA.

In addition, an RU allocation field 1320 may be included. That is, when the receiving STA identified through the user identifier field 1310 transmits a TB PPDU in response to the trigger frame, the TB PPDU is transmitted through an RU indicated by the RU allocation field 1320. In this case, the RU indicated by the RU allocation field 1320 may be an RU shown in FIG. 5 , FIG. 6 , and FIG. 7 .

The subfield of FIG. 13 may include a coding type field 1330. The coding type field 1330 may indicate a coding type of the TB PPDU. For example, when BCC coding is applied to the TB PPDU, the coding type field 1330 may be set to ‘1’, and when LDPC coding is applied, the coding type field 1330 may be set to ‘0’.

In addition, the subfield of FIG. 13 may include an MCS field 1340. The MCS field 1340 may indicate an MCS scheme applied to the TB PPDU. For example, when BCC coding is applied to the TB PPDU, the coding type field 1330 may be set to ‘1’, and when LDPC coding is applied, the coding type field 1330 may be set to ‘0’.

Hereinafter, a UL OFDMA-based random access (UORA) scheme will be described.

FIG. 14 describes a technical feature of the UORA scheme.

A transmitting STA (e.g., an AP) may allocate six RU resources through a trigger frame as shown in FIG. 14 . Specifically, the AP may allocate a 1st RU resource (AID 0, RU 1), a 2nd RU resource (AID 0, RU 2), a 3rd RU resource (AID 0, RU 3), a 4th RU resource (AID 2045, RU 4), a 5th RU resource (AID 2045, RU 5), and a 6th RU resource (AID 3, RU 6). Information related to the AID 0, AID 3, or AID 2045 may be included, for example, in the user identifier field 1310 of FIG. 13 . Information related to the RU 1 to RU 6 may be included, for example, in the RU allocation field 1320 of FIG. 13 . AID=0 may imply a UORA resource for an associated STA, and AID=2045 may imply a UORA resource for an un-associated STA. Accordingly, the 1st to 3rd RU resources of FIG. 14 may be used as a UORA resource for the associated STA, the 4th and 5th RU resources of FIG. 14 may be used as a UORA resource for the un-associated STA, and the 6th RU resource of FIG. 14 may be used as a typical resource for UL MU.

In the example of FIG. 14 , an OFDMA random access backoff (OBO) of a STA1 is decreased to 0, and the STA1 randomly selects the 2nd RU resource (AID 0, RU 2). In addition, since an OBO counter of a STA⅔ is greater than 0, an uplink resource is not allocated to the STA⅔. In addition, regarding a STA4 in FIG. 14 , since an AID (e.g., AID=3) of the STA4 is included in a trigger frame, a resource of the RU 6 is allocated without backoff.

Specifically, since the STA1 of FIG. 14 is an associated STA, the total number of eligible RA RUs for the STA1 is 3 (RU 1, RU 2, and RU 3), and thus the STA1 decreases an OBO counter by 3 so that the OBO counter becomes 0. In addition, since the STA2 of FIG. 14 is an associated STA, the total number of eligible RA RUs for the STA2 is 3 (RU 1, RU 2, and RU 3), and thus the STA2 decreases the OBO counter by 3 but the OBO counter is greater than 0. In addition, since the STA3 of FIG. 14 is an un-associated STA, the total number of eligible RA RUs for the STA3 is 2 (RU 4, RU 5), and thus the STA3 decreases the OBO counter by 2 but the OBO counter is greater than 0.

FIG. 15 illustrates an example of a channel used/supported/defined within a 2.4 GHz band.

The 2.4 GHz band may be called in other terms such as a first band. In addition, the 2.4 GHz band may imply a frequency domain in which channels of which a center frequency is close to 2.4 GHz (e.g., channels of which a center frequency is located within 2.4 to 2.5 GHz) are used/supported/defined.

A plurality of 20 MHz channels may be included in the 2.4 GHz band. 20 MHz within the 2.4 GHz may have a plurality of channel indices (e.g., an index 1 to an index 14). For example, a center frequency of a 20 MHz channel to which a channel index 1 is allocated may be 2.412 GHz, a center frequency of a 20 MHz channel to which a channel index 2 is allocated may be 2.417 GHz, and a center frequency of a 20 MHz channel to which a channel index N is allocated may be (2.407 + 0.005*N) GHz. The channel index may be called in various terms such as a channel number or the like. Specific numerical values of the channel index and center frequency may be changed.

FIG. 15 exemplifies 4 channels within a 2.4 GHz band. Each of 1st to 4th frequency domains 1510 to 1540 shown herein may include one channel. For example, the 1st frequency domain 1510 may include a channel 1 (a 20 MHz channel having an index 1). In this case, a center frequency of the channel 1 may be set to 2412 MHz. The 2nd frequency domain 1520 may include a channel 6. In this case, a center frequency of the channel 6 may be set to 2437 MHz. The 3rd frequency domain 1530 may include a channel 11. In this case, a center frequency of the channel 11 may be set to 2462 MHz. The 4th frequency domain 1540 may include a channel 14. In this case, a center frequency of the channel 14 may be set to 2484 MHz.

FIG. 16 illustrates an example of a channel used/supported/defined within a 5 GHz band.

The 5 GHz band may be called in other terms such as a second band or the like. The 5 GHz band may imply a frequency domain in which channels of which a center frequency is greater than or equal to 5 GHz and less than 6 GHz (or less than 5.9 GHz) are used/supported/defined. Alternatively, the 5 GHz band may include a plurality of channels between 4.5 GHz and 5.5 GHz. A specific numerical value shown in FIG. 16 may be changed.

A plurality of channels within the 5 GHz band include an unlicensed national information infrastructure (UNII)-1, a UNII-2, a UNII-3, and an ISM. The INII-1 may be called UNII Low. The UNII-2 may include a frequency domain called UNII Mid and UNII-2Extended. The UNII-3 may be called UNII-Upper.

A plurality of channels may be configured within the 5 GHz band, and a bandwidth of each channel may be variously set to, for example, 20 MHz, 40 MHz, 80 MHz, 160 MHz, or the like. For example, 5170 MHz to 5330 MHz frequency domains/ranges within the UNII-1 and UNII-2 may be divided into eight 20 MHz channels. The 5170 MHz to 5330 MHz frequency domains/ranges may be divided into four channels through a 40 MHz frequency domain. The 5170 MHz to 5330 MHz frequency domains/ranges may be divided into two channels through an 80 MHz frequency domain. Alternatively, the 5170 MHz to 5330 MHz frequency domains/ranges may be divided into one channel through a 160 MHz frequency domain.

FIG. 17 illustrates an example of a channel used/supported/defined within a 6 GHz band.

The 6 GHz band may be called in other terms such as a third band or the like. The 6 GHz band may imply a frequency domain in which channels of which a center frequency is greater than or equal to 5.9 GHz are used/supported/defined. A specific numerical value shown in FIG. 17 may be changed.

For example, the 20 MHz channel of FIG. 17 may be defined starting from 5.940 GHz. Specifically, among 20 MHz channels of FIG. 17 , the leftmost channel may have an index 1 (or a channel index, a channel number, etc.), and 5.945 GHz may be assigned as a center frequency. That is, a center frequency of a channel of an index N may be determined as (5.940 + 0.005*N) GHz.

Accordingly, an index (or channel number) of the 2 MHz channel of FIG. 17 may be 1, 5, 9, 13, 17, 21, 25, 29, 33, 37, 41, 45, 49, 53, 57, 61, 65, 69, 73, 77, 81, 85, 89, 93, 97, 101, 105, 109, 113, 117, 121, 125, 129, 133, 137, 141, 145, 149, 153, 157, 161, 165, 169, 173, 177, 181, 185, 189, 193, 197, 201, 205, 209, 213, 217, 221, 225, 229, 233. In addition, according to the aforementioned (5.940 + 0.005*N)GHz rule, an index of the 40 MHz channel of FIG. 17 may be 3, 11, 19, 27, 35, 43, 51, 59, 67, 75, 83, 91, 99, 107, 115, 123, 131, 139, 147, 155, 163, 171, 179, 187, 195, 203, 211, 219, 227.

Although 20, 40, 80, and 160 MHz channels are illustrated in the example of FIG. 17 , a 240 MHz channel or a 320 MHz channel may be additionally added.

Hereinafter, a PPDU transmitted/received in a STA of the present specification will be described.

FIG. 18 illustrates an example of a PPDU used in the present specification.

The PPDU of FIG. 18 may be called in various terms such as an EHT PPDU, a TX PPDU, an RX PPDU, a first type or N-th type PPDU, or the like. For example, in the present specification, the PPDU or the EHT PPDU may be called in various terms such as a TX PPDU, a RX PPDU, a first type or N-th type PPDU, or the like. In addition, the EHT PPDU may be used in an EHT system and/or a new WLAN system enhanced from the EHT system.

The PPDU of FIG. 18 may indicate the entirety or part of a PPDU type used in the EHT system. For example, the example of FIG. 18 may be used for both of a single-user (SU) mode and a multi-user (MU) mode. In other words, the PPDU of FIG. 18 may be a PPDU for one receiving STA or a plurality of receiving STAs. When the PPDU of FIG. 18 is used for a trigger-based (TB) mode, the EHT-SIG of FIG. 18 may be omitted. In other words, a STA which has received a trigger frame for uplink-MU (UL-MU) may transmit the PPDU in which the EHT-SIG is omitted in the example of FIG. 18 .

In FIG. 18 , an L-STF to an EHT-LTF may be called a preamble or a physical preamble, and may be generated/transmitted/received/obtained/decoded in a physical layer.

A subcarrier spacing of the L-STF, L-LTF, L-SIG, RL-SIG, U-SIG, and EHT-SIG fields of FIG. 18 may be determined as 312.5 kHz, and a subcarrier spacing of the EHT-STF, EHT-LTF, and Data fields may be determined as 78.125 kHz. That is, a tone index (or subcarrier index) of the L-STF, L-LTF, L-SIG, RL-SIG, U-SIG, and EHT-SIG fields may be expressed in unit of 312.5 kHz, and a tone index (or subcarrier index) of the EHT-STF, EHT-LTF, and Data fields may be expressed in unit of 78.125 kHz.

In the PPDU of FIG. 18 , the L-LTE and the L-STF may be the same as those in the conventional fields.

The L-SIG field of FIG. 18 may include, for example, bit information of 24 bits. For example, the 24-bit information may include a rate field of 4 bits, a reserved bit of 1 bit, a length field of 12 bits, a parity bit of 1 bit, and a tail bit of 6 bits. For example, the length field of 12 bits may include information related to a length or time duration of a PPDU. For example, the length field of 12 bits may be determined based on a type of the PPDU. For example, when the PPDU is a non-HT, HT, VHT PPDU or an EHT PPDU, a value of the length field may be determined as a multiple of 3. For example, when the PPDU is an HE PPDU, the value of the length field may be determined as “a multiple of 3″+1 or “a multiple of 3″+2. In other words, for the non-HT, HT, VHT PPDI or the EHT PPDU, the value of the length field may be determined as a multiple of 3, and for the HE PPDU, the value of the length field may be determined as “a multiple of 3″+1 or “a multiple of 3″+2.

For example, the transmitting STA may apply BCC encoding based on a ½ coding rate to the 24-bit information of the L-SIG field. Thereafter, the transmitting STA may obtain a BCC coding bit of 48 bits. BPSK modulation may be applied to the 48-bit coding bit, thereby generating 48 BPSK symbols. The transmitting STA may map the 48 BPSK symbols to positions except for a pilot subcarrier{subcarrier index -21, -7, +7, +21} and a DC subcarrier {subcarrier index 0}. As a result, the 48 BPSK symbols may be mapped to subcarrier indices -26 to -22, -20 to -8, -6 to -1, +1 to +6, +8 to +20, and +22 to +26. The transmitting STA may additionally map a signal of {-1, -1, -1, 1} to a subcarrier index{ -28, -27, +27, +28}. The aforementioned signal may be used for channel estimation on a frequency domain corresponding to {-28, -27, +27, +28}.

The transmitting STA may generate an RL-SIG generated in the same manner as the L-SIG. BPSK modulation may be applied to the RL-SIG. The receiving STA may know that the RX PPDU is the HE PPDU or the EHT PPDU, based on the presence of the RL-SIG.

A universal SIG (U-SIG) may be inserted after the RL-SIG of FIG. 18 . The U-SIB may be called in various terms such as a first SIG field, a first SIG, a first type SIG, a control signal, a control signal field, a first (type) control signal, or the like.

The U-SIG may include information of N bits, and may include information for identifying a type of the EHT PPDU. For example, the U-SIG may be configured based on two symbols (e.g., two contiguous OFDM symbols). Each symbol (e.g., OFDM symbol) for the U-SIG may have a duration of 4us. Each symbol of the U-SIG may be used to transmit the 26-bit information. For example, each symbol of the U-SIG may be transmitted/received based on 52 data tomes and 4 pilot tones.

Through the U-SIG (or U-SIG field), for example, A-bit information (e.g., 52 un-coded bits) may be transmitted. A first symbol of the U-SIG may transmit first X-bit information (e.g., 26 un-coded bits) of the A-bit information, and a second symbol of the U-SIB may transmit the remaining Y-bit information (e.g., 26 un-coded bits) of the A-bit information. For example, the transmitting STA may obtain 26 un-coded bits included in each U-SIG symbol. The transmitting STA may perform convolutional encoding (i.e., BCC encoding) based on a rate of R=½ to generate 52-coded bits, and may perform interleaving on the 52-coded bits. The transmitting STA may perform BPSK modulation on the interleaved 52-coded bits to generate 52 BPSK symbols to be allocated to each U-SIG symbol. One U-SIG symbol may be transmitted based on 65 tones (subcarriers) from a subcarrier index -28 to a subcarrier index +28, except for a DC index 0. The 52 BPSK symbols generated by the transmitting STA may be transmitted based on the remaining tones (subcarriers) except for pilot tones, i.e., tones -21, -7, +7, +21.

For example, the A-bit information (e.g., 52 un-coded bits) generated by the U-SIG may include a CRC field (e.g., a field having a length of 4 bits) and a tail field (e.g., a field having a length of 6 bits). The CRC field and the tail field may be transmitted through the second symbol of the U-SIG. The CRC field may be generated based on 26 bits allocated to the first symbol of the U-SIG and the remaining 16 bits except for the CRC/tail fields in the second symbol, and may be generated based on the conventional CRC calculation algorithm. In addition, the tail field may be used to terminate trellis of a convolutional decoder, and may be set to, for example, “000000”.

The A-bit information (e.g., 52 un-coded bits) transmitted by the U-SIG (or U-SIG field) may be divided into version-independent bits and version-dependent bits. For example, the version-independent bits may have a fixed or variable size. For example, the version-independent bits may be allocated only to the first symbol of the U-SIG, or the version-independent bits may be allocated to both of the first and second symbols of the U-SIG. For example, the version-independent bits and the version-dependent bits may be called in various terms such as a first control bit, a second control bit, or the like.

For example, the version-independent bits of the U-SIG may include a PHY version identifier of 3 bits. For example, the PHY version identifier of 3 bits may include information related to a PHY version of a TX/RX PPDU. For example, a first value of the PHY version identifier of 3 bits may indicate that the TX/RX PPDU is an EHT PPDU. In other words, when the transmitting STA transmits the EHT PPDU, the PHY version identifier of 3 bits may be set to a first value. In other words, the receiving STA may determine that the RX PPDU is the EHT PPDU, based on the PHY version identifier having the first value.

For example, the version-independent bits of the U-SIG may include a UL/DL flag field of 1 bit. A first value of the UL/DL flag field of 1 bit relates to UL communication, and a second value of the UL/DL flag field relates to DL communication.

For example, the version-independent bits of the U-SIG may include information related to a TXOP length and information related to a BSS color ID.

For example, when the EHT PPDU is divided into various types (e.g., various types such as an EHT PPDU related to an SU mode, an EHT PPDU related to a MU mode, an EHT PPDU related to a TB mode, an EHT PPDU related to extended range transmission, or the like), information related to the type of the EHT PPDU may be included in the version-dependent bits of the U-SIG.

For example, the U-SIG may include: 1) a bandwidth field including information related to a bandwidth; 2) a field including information related to an MCS scheme applied to EHT-SIG; 3) an indication field including information regarding whether a dual subcarrier modulation (DCM) scheme is applied to EHT-SIG; 4) a field including information related to the number of symbol used for EHT-SIG; 5) a field including information regarding whether the EHT-SIG is generated across a full band; 6) a field including information related to a type of EHT-LTF/STF; and 7) information related to a field indicating an EHT-LTF length and a CP length.

Preamble puncturing may be applied to the PPDU of FIG. 18 . The preamble puncturing implies that puncturing is applied to part (e.g., a secondary 20 MHz band) of the full band. For example, when an 80 MHz PPDU is transmitted, a STA may apply puncturing to the secondary 20 MHz band out of the 80 MHz band, and may transmit a PPDU only through a primary 20 MHz band and a secondary 40 MHz band.

For example, a pattern of the preamble puncturing may be configured in advance. For example, when a first puncturing pattern is applied, puncturing may be applied only to the secondary 20 MHz band within the 80 MHz band. For example, when a second puncturing pattern is applied, puncturing may be applied to only any one of two secondary 20 MHz bands included in the secondary 40 MHz band within the 80 MHz band. For example, when a third puncturing pattern is applied, puncturing may be applied to only the secondary 20 MHz band included in the primary 80 MHz band within the 160 MHz band (or 80+80 MHz band). For example, when a fourth puncturing is applied, puncturing may be applied to at least one 20 MHz channel not belonging to a primary 40 MHz band in the presence of the primary 40 MHz band included in the 80MHaz band within the 160 MHz band (or 80+80 MHz band).

Information related to the preamble puncturing applied to the PPDU may be included in U-SIG and/or EHT-SIG. For example, a first field of the U-SIG may include information related to a contiguous bandwidth, and second field of the U-SIG may include information related to the preamble puncturing applied to the PPDU.

For example, the U-SIG and the EHT-SIG may include the information related to the preamble puncturing, based on the following method. When a bandwidth of the PPDU exceeds 80 MHz, the U-SIG may be configured individually in unit of 80 MHz. For example, when the bandwidth of the PPDU is 160 MHz, the PPDU may include a first U-SIG for a first 80 MHz band and a second U-SIG for a second 80 MHz band. In this case, a first field of the first U-SIG may include information related to a 160 MHz bandwidth, and a second field of the first U-SIG may include information related to a preamble puncturing (i.e., information related to a preamble puncturing pattern) applied to the first 80 MHz band. In addition, a first field of the second U-SIG may include information related to a 160 MHz bandwidth, and a second field of the second U-SIG may include information related to a preamble puncturing (i.e., information related to a preamble puncturing pattern) applied to the second 80 MHz band. Meanwhile, an EHT-SIG contiguous to the first U-SIG may include information related to a preamble puncturing applied to the second 80 MHz band (i.e., information related to a preamble puncturing pattern), and an EHT-SIG contiguous to the second U-SIG may include information related to a preamble puncturing (i.e., information related to a preamble puncturing pattern) applied to the first 80 MHz band.

Additionally or alternatively, the U-SIG and the EHT-SIG may include the information related to the preamble puncturing, based on the following method. The U-SIG may include information related to a preamble puncturing (i.e., information related to a preamble puncturing pattern) for all bands. That is, the EHT-SIG may not include the information related to the preamble puncturing, and only the U-SIG may include the information related to the preamble puncturing (i.e., the information related to the preamble puncturing pattern).

The U-SIG may be configured in unit of 20 MHz. For example, when an 80 MHz PPDU is configured, the U-SIG may be duplicated. That is, four identical U-SIGs may be included in the 80 MHz PPDU. PPDUs exceeding an 80 MHz bandwidth may include different U-SIGs.

The EHT-SIG of FIG. 18 may include control information for the receiving STA. The EHT-SIG may be transmitted through at least one symbol, and one symbol may have a length of 4 us. Information related to the number of symbols used for the EHT-SIG may be included in the U-SIG.

The EHT-SIG may include a technical feature of the HE-SIG-B described with reference to FIG. 8 and FIG. 9 . For example, the EHT-SIG may include a common field and a user-specific field as in the example of FIG. 8 . The common field of the EHT-SIG may be omitted, and the number of user-specific fields may be determined based on the number of users.

As in the example of FIG. 8 , the common field of the EHT-SIG and the user-specific field of the EHT-SIG may be individually coded. One user block field included in the user-specific field may include information for two users, but a last user block field included in the user-specific field may include information for one user. That is, one user block field of the EHT-SIG may include up to two user fields. As in the example of FIG. 9 , each user field may be related to MU-MIMO allocation, or may be related to non-MU-MIMO allocation.

As in the example of FIG. 8 , the common field of the EHT-SIG may include a CRC bit and a tail bit. A length of the CRC bit may be determined as 4 bits. A length of the tail bit may be determined as 6 bits, and may be set to ‘000000’.

As in the example of FIG. 8 , the common field of the EHT-SIG may include RU allocation information. The RU allocation information may imply information related to a location of an RU to which a plurality of users (i.e., a plurality of receiving STAs) are allocated. The RU allocation information may be configured in unit of 8 bits (or N bits), as in Table 1.

The example of Table 5 to Table 7 is an example of 8-bit (or N-bit) information for various RU allocations. An index shown in each table may be modified, and some entries in Table 5 to Table 7 may be omitted, and entries (not shown) may be added.

The example of Table 5 to Table 7 relates to information related to a location of an RU allocated to a 20 MHz band. For example, ‘an index 0’ of Table 5 may be used in a situation where nine 26-RUs are individually allocated (e.g., in a situation where nine 26-RUs shown in FIG. 5 are individually allocated).

Meanwhile, a plurality or RUs may be allocated to one STA in the EHT system. For example, regarding ‘an index 60’ of Table 6, one 26-RU may be allocated for one user (i.e., receiving STA) to the leftmost side of the 20 MHz band, one 26-RU and one 52-RU may be allocated to the right side thereof, and five 26-RUs may be individually allocated to the right side thereof.

TABLE 5 Indices #1 #2 #3 #4 #5 #6 #7 #8 #9 Number of entries 0 26 26 26 26 26 26 26 26 1 1 26 26 26 26 26 26 26 52 1 2 26 26 26 26 52 26 26 1 3 26 26 26 26 26 52 52 1 4 26 26 52 26 26 26 26 1 5 26 26 52 26 26 26 52 1 6 26 26 52 26 52 26 26 1 7 26 26 52 26 52 52 1 8 52 26 26 26 26 26 26 1 9 52 26 26 26 26 26 52 1 10 52 26 26 26 52 26 26 1 11 52 26 26 52 52 1 12 52 52 26 26 26 26 26 1 13 52 52 26 26 26 52 1 14 52 52 26 52 26 26 1 15 52 52 26 52 52 1 16 26 26 26 26 26 106 1 17 26 26 52 26 106 1 18 52 26 26 26 106 1 19 52 52 26 106 1

TABLE 6 Indices #1 #2 #3 #4 #5 #6 #7 #8 #9 Number of entries 20 106 26 26 26 26 1 21 106 2 6 26 26 52 1 22 106 26 52 26 1 23 106 26 52 1 24 52 52 - 52 52 1 25 242-tone RU empty (with zero users) 1 26 106 26 106 1 27-34 242 8 35-42 484 8 43-50 996 8 51-58 2*996 8 59 26 26 26 26 26 52+26 26 1 60 26 26+52 26 26 26 26 26 1 61 26 26+52 26 26 26 52 1 62 26 26+52 26 52 26 26 1 63 26 26 52 26 52+26 26 1 64 26 26+52 26 52+26 26 1 65 26+52 26 52 52 1

TABLE 7 66 52 26 26 26 52+26 26 1 67 52 52 26 52+26 26 1 68 52 52+26 52 52 1 69 26 26 26 26 26+106 1 70 26 26+52 26 106 1 71 26 26 26+106 1 72 26 26+52 26+106 1 73 52 26 26 26+106 1 74 52 52 26+106 1 75 106+26 26 26 26 26 1 76 106+26 26 26 52 1 77 106+26 52 26 26 1 78 106 26 52+26 26 1 106+26 52+26 26 1 79 80 106+26 52 81 106+26 106 1 82 106 26+106 1

A mode in which the common field of the EHT-SIG is omitted may be supported. The mode in which the common field of the EHT-SIG is omitted may be called a compressed mode. When the compressed mode is used, a plurality of users (i.e., a plurality of receiving STAs) may decode the PPDU (e.g., the data field of the PPDU), based on non-OFDMA. That is, the plurality of users of the EHT PPDU may decode the PPDU (e.g., the data field of the PPDU) received through the same frequency band. Meanwhile, when a non-compressed mode is used, the plurality of users of the EHT PPDU may decode the PPDU (e.g., the data field of the PPDU), based on OFDMA. That is, the plurality of users of the EHT PPDU may receive the PPDU (e.g., the data field of the PPDU) through different frequency bands.

The EHT-SIG may be configured based on various MCS schemes. As described above, information related to an MCS scheme applied to the EHT-SIG may be included in U-SIG. The EHT-SIG may be configured based on a DCM scheme. For example, among N data tones (e.g., 52 data tones) allocated for the EHT-SIG, a first modulation scheme may be applied to half of contiguous tones, and a second modulation scheme may be applied to the remaining half of the contiguous tones. That is, a transmitting STA may use the first modulation scheme to modulate specific control information through a first symbol and allocate it to half of the contiguous tones, and may use the second modulation scheme to modulate the same control information by using a second symbol and allocate it to the remaining half of the contiguous tones. As described above, information (e.g., a 1-bit field) regarding whether the DCM scheme is applied to the EHT-SIG may be included in the U-SIG.

An HE-STF of FIG. 18 may be used for improving automatic gain control estimation in a multiple input multiple output (MIMO) environment or an OFDMA environment. An HE-LTF of FIG. 18 may be used for estimating a channel in the MIMO environment or the OFDMA environment.

The EHT-STF of FIG. 18 may be set in various types. For example, a first type of STF (e.g., 1x STF) may be generated based on a first type STF sequence in which a non-zero coefficient is arranged with an interval of 16 subcarriers. An STF signal generated based on the first type STF sequence may have a period of 0.8 µs, and a periodicity signal of 0.8 µs may be repeated 5 times to become a first type STF having a length of 4 µs. For example, a second type of STF (e.g., 2x STF) may be generated based on a second type STF sequence in which a non-zero coefficient is arranged with an interval of 8 subcarriers. An STF signal generated based on the second type STF sequence may have a period of 1.6 µs, and a periodicity signal of 1.6 µs may be repeated 5 times to become a second type STF having a length of 8 µs. Hereinafter, an example of a sequence for configuring an EHT-STF (i.e., an EHT-STF sequence) is proposed. The following sequence may be modified in various ways.

The EHT-STF may be configured based on the following sequence M.

$\begin{matrix} {\text{M} = \left\{ {- 1,\mspace{6mu} - 1,\mspace{6mu} - 1,\mspace{6mu} 1,\mspace{6mu} 1,\mspace{6mu} 1,\mspace{6mu} - 1,\mspace{6mu} 1,\mspace{6mu} 1,\mspace{6mu} 1,\mspace{6mu} - 1,\mspace{6mu} 1,\mspace{6mu} 1,\mspace{6mu} - 1,\mspace{6mu} 1} \right\}} & \text{­­­<Equation 1>} \end{matrix}$

The EHT-STF for the 20 MHz PPDU may be configured based on the following equation. The following example may be a first type (i.e., 1x STF) sequence. For example, the first type sequence may be included in not a trigger-based (TB) PPDU but an EHT-PPDU. In the following equation, (a:b:c) may imply a duration defined as b tone intervals (i.e., a subcarrier interval) from a tone index (i.e., subcarrier index) ‘a’ to a tone index ‘c’. For example, the equation 2 below may represent a sequence defined as 16 tone intervals from a tone index -112 to a tone index 112. Since a subcarrier spacing of 78.125 kHz is applied to the EHT-STR, the 16 tone intervals may imply that an EHT-STF coefficient (or element) is arranged with an interval of 78.125 * 16 = 1250 kHz. In addition, * implies multiplication, and sqrt() implies a square root. In addition, j implies an imaginary number.

$\begin{matrix} {\text{EHT-STF}\left( \text{-112:16:112} \right)\text{=}\left\{ \text{M} \right\} \ast {\left( {1 + \text{j}} \right)/{\text{sqrt}(2)}}} & \text{­­­<Equation 2>} \end{matrix}$

EHT-STF(0) = 0

The EHT-STF for the 40 MHz PPDU may be configured based on the following equation. The following example may be the first type (i.e., 1x STF) sequence.

$\begin{matrix} {\text{EHT-STF}\left( \text{-240:16:240} \right) = \left\{ \text{M, 0, -M} \right\} \ast {\left( {1 + \text{j}} \right)/{\text{sqrt}(2)}}} & \text{­­­<Equation 3>} \end{matrix}$

The EHT-STF for the 80 MHz PPDU may be configured based on the following equation. The following example may be the first type (i.e., 1x STF) sequence.

$\begin{matrix} {\text{EHT-STF}\left( \text{-496:16:496} \right) = \left\{ {\text{M, 1,} - \text{M, 1,} - \text{M}} \right\} \ast {\left( {1 + \text{j}} \right)/{\text{sqrt}(2)}}} & \text{­­­<Equation 4>} \end{matrix}$

The EHT-STF for the 160 MHz PPDU may be configured based on the following equation. The following example may be the first type (i.e., 1x STF) sequence.

$\begin{matrix} \begin{array}{l} {\text{EHT-STF}\left( \text{-1008:16:1008} \right) =} \\ {\left\{ {\text{M, 1,} - \text{M, 0,} - \text{M, 1,} - \text{M,} - 1,\text{M, 0,} - \text{M, 1,} - \text{M}} \right\} \ast} \\ {\left( {1 + \text{j}} \right)/{\text{sqrt}(2)}} \end{array} & \text{­­­<Equation 5>} \end{matrix}$

In the EHT-STF for the 80+80 MHz PPDU, a sequence for lower 80 MHz may be identical to Equation 4. In the EHT-STF for the 80+80 MHz PPDU, a sequence for upper 80 MHz may be configured based on the following equation.

$\begin{matrix} \begin{array}{l} {\text{EHT-STF}\left( \text{-496:16:496} \right) = \left\{ {\text{-M, -1, M, 0,} - \text{M, 1,}\mspace{6mu} - \text{M}} \right\} \ast} \\ {\left( {1 + \text{j}} \right)/{\text{sqrt}(2)}} \end{array} & \text{­­­<Equation 6>} \end{matrix}$

Equation 7 to Equation 11 below relate to an example of a second type (i.e., 2x STF) sequence.

$\begin{matrix} {\text{EHT-STF}\left( \text{-120:8:120} \right) = \left\{ \text{M, 0, -M} \right\} \ast {\left( {1 + \text{j}} \right)/{\text{sqrt}(2)}}} & \text{­­­<Equation 7>} \end{matrix}$

The EHT-STF for the 40 MHz PPDU may be configured based on the following equation.

$\begin{matrix} \begin{array}{l} {\text{EHT-STF}\left( \text{-248:8:248} \right) = \left\{ {\text{M,} - 1,\mspace{6mu} - \text{M, 0, M,} - 1,\text{M}} \right\} \ast} \\ {\left( {1 + \text{j}} \right)/{\text{sqrt}(2)}} \end{array} & \text{­­­<Equation 8>} \end{matrix}$

EHT-STF(-248) = 0

EHT-STF(248) = 0

The EHT-STF for the 80 MHz PPDU may be configured based on the following equation.

$\begin{matrix} \begin{array}{l} {\text{EHT-STF}\left( \text{-504:8:504} \right) =} \\ {\left\{ {\text{M,} - 1,\mspace{6mu},\text{M,} - 1,\mspace{6mu} - \text{M,} - 1,\text{M, 0,} - \text{M, 1, M, 1,} - \text{M, 1,} - \text{M}} \right\} \ast} \\ {\left( {1 + \text{j}} \right)/{\text{sqrt}(2)}} \end{array} & \text{­­­<Equation 9>} \end{matrix}$

The EHT-STF for the 160 MHz PPDU may be configured based on the following equation.

$\begin{matrix} \begin{array}{l} {\text{EHT-STF}\left( \text{-1016:16:1016} \right) =} \\ {\left\{ {\text{M}, - 1,\text{M,} - 1, - \text{M,} - 1,\text{M, 0,} - \text{M, 1, M, 1,} - \text{M, 1,} - \text{M, 0}} \right)\text{,}} \\ {\left( {- \text{M},\mspace{6mu} 1,\mspace{6mu} - \text{m, 1, M, 1,} - \text{M, 0,} - \text{M, 1, M, 1,} - \text{M, 1,} - \text{M}} \right\} \ast} \\ {\left( {1 + \text{j}} \right)/{\text{sqrt}(2)}} \end{array} & \text{­­­<Equation 10>} \end{matrix}$

EHT-STF(-8)=0, EHT-STF(8)=0,

EHT-STF(-1016)=0, EHT-STF(1016)=0

In the EHT-STF for the 80+80 MHz PPDU, a sequence for lower 80 MHz may be identical to Equation 9. In the EHT-STF for the 80+80 MHz PPDU, a sequence for upper 80 MHz may be configured based on the following equation.

$\begin{matrix} \begin{array}{l} {\text{EHT-STF}\left( \text{-504:8:504} \right) = \left\{ {- \text{M, 1,} - \text{M, 1, M, 1,} - \text{M, 0,} - \text{M, 1,}} \right)} \\ {\left( {\text{M, 1,} - \text{M, 1,} - \text{M}} \right\} \ast {\left( {1 + \text{j}} \right)/{\text{sqrt}(2)}}} \end{array} & \text{­­­<Equation 11>} \end{matrix}$

EHT-STF(-504)=0,

EHT-STF(504)=0

The EHT-LTF may have first, second, and third types (i.e., 1x, 2x, 4x LTF). For example, the first/second/third type LTF may be generated based on an LTF sequence in which a non-zero coefficient is arranged with an interval of 4/2/1 subcarriers. The first/second/third type LTF may have a time length of 3.2/6.4/12.8 µs. In addition, a GI (e.g., 0.8/1/6/3.2 µs) having various lengths may be applied to the first/second/third type LTF.

Information related to a type of STF and/or LTF (information related to a GI applied to LTF is also included) may be included in a SIG-A field and/or SIG-B field or the like of FIG. 18 .

A PPDU (e.g., EHT-PPDU) of FIG. 18 may be configured based on the example of FIG. 5 and FIG. 6 .

For example, an EHT PPDU transmitted on a 20 MHz band, i.e., a 20 MHz EHT PPDU, may be configured based on the RU of FIG. 5 . That is, a location of an RU of EHT-STF, EHT-LTF, and data fields included in the EHT PPDU may be determined as shown in FIG. 5 .

An EHT PPDU transmitted on a 40 MHz band, i.e., a 40 MHz EHT PPDU, may be configured based on the RU of FIG. 6 . That is, a location of an RU of EHT-STF, EHT-LTF, and data fields included in the EHT PPDU may be determined as shown in FIG. 6 .

Since the RU location of FIG. 6 corresponds to 40 MHz, a tone-plan for 80 MHz may be determined when the pattern of FIG. 6 is repeated twice. That is, an 80 MHz EHT PPDU may be transmitted based on a new tone-plan in which not the RU of FIG. 7 but the RU of FIG. 6 is repeated twice.

When the pattern of FIG. 6 is repeated twice, 23 tones (i.e., 11 guard tones + 12 guard tones) may be configured in a DC region. That is, a tone-plan for an 80 MHz EHT PPDU allocated based on OFDMA may have 23 DC tones. Unlike this, an 80 MHz EHT PPDU allocated based on non-OFDMA (i.e., a non-OFDMA full bandwidth 80 MHz PPDU) may be configured based on a 996-RU, and may include 5 DC tones, 12 left guard tones, and 11 right guard tones.

A tone-plan for 160/240/320 MHz may be configured in such a manner that the pattern of FIG. 6 is repeated several times.

The PPDU of FIG. 18 may be determined (or identified) as an EHT PPDU based on the following method.

A receiving STA may determine a type of an RX PPDU as the EHT PPDU, based on the following aspect. For example, the RX PPDU may be determined as the EHT PPDU: 1) when a first symbol after an L-LTF signal of the RX PPDU is a BPSK symbol; 2) when RL-SIG in which the L-SIG of the RX PPDU is repeated is detected; and 3) when a result of applying “modulo 3” to a value of a length field of the L-SIG of the RX PPDU is detected as “0”. When the RX PPDU is determined as the EHT PPDU, the receiving STA may detect a type of the EHT PPDU (e.g., an SU/MU/Trigger-based/Extended Range type), based on bit information included in a symbol after the RL-SIG of FIG. 18 . In other words, the receiving STA may determine the RX PPDU as the EHT PPDU, based on: 1) a first symbol after an L-LTF signal, which is a BPSK symbol; 2) RL-SIG contiguous to the L-SIG field and identical to L-SIG; 3) L-SIG including a length field in which a result of applying “modulo 3” is set to “0”; and 4) a 3-bit PHY version identifier of the aforementioned U-SIG (e.g., a PHY version identifier having a first value).

For example, the receiving STA may determine the type of the RX PPDU as the EHT PPDU, based on the following aspect. For example, the RX PPDU may be determined as the HE PPDU: 1) when a first symbol after an L-LTF signal is a BPSK symbol; 2) when RL-SIG in which the L-SIG is repeated is detected; and 3) when a result of applying “modulo 3” to a value of a length field of the L-SIG is detected as “1” or “2”.

For example, the receiving STA may determine the type of the RX PPDU as a non-HT, HT, and VHT PPDU, based on the following aspect. For example, the RX PPDU may be determined as the non-HT, HT, and VHT PPDU: 1) when a first symbol after an L-LTF signal is a BPSK symbol; and 2) when RL-SIG in which L-SIG is repeated is not detected. In addition, even if the receiving STA detects that the RL-SIG is repeated, when a result of applying “modulo 3” to the length value of the L-SIG is detected as “0”, the RX PPDU may be determined as the non-HT, HT, and VHT PPDU.

In the following example, a signal represented as a (TX/RX/UL/DL) signal, a (TX/RX/UL/DL) frame, a (TX/RX/UL/DL) packet, a (TX/RX/UL/DL) data unit, (TX/RX/UL/DL) data, or the like may be a signal transmitted/received based on the PPDU of FIG. 18 . The PPDU of FIG. 18 may be used to transmit/receive frames of various types. For example, the PPDU of FIG. 18 may be used for a control frame. An example of the control frame may include a request to send (RTS), a clear to send (CTS), a power save-poll (PS-poll), BlockACKReq, BlockAck, a null data packet (NDP) announcement, and a trigger frame. For example, the PPDU of FIG. 18 may be used for a management frame. An example of the management frame may include a beacon frame, a (re-)association request frame, a (re-)association response frame, a probe request frame, and a probe response frame. For example, the PPDU of FIG. 18 may be used for a data frame. For example, the PPDU of FIG. 18 may be used to simultaneously transmit at least two or more of the control frame, the management frame, and the data frame.

FIG. 19 illustrates an example of a modified transmission device and/or receiving device of the present specification.

Each device/STA of the sub-figure (a)/(b) of FIG. 1 may be modified as shown in FIG. 19 . A transceiver 630 of FIG. 19 may be identical to the transceivers 113 and 123 of FIG. 1 . The transceiver 630 of FIG. 19 may include a receiver and a transmitter.

A processor 610 of FIG. 19 may be identical to the processors 111 and 121 of FIG. 1 . Alternatively, the processor 610 of FIG. 19 may be identical to the processing chips 114 and 124 of FIG. 1 .

A memory 620 of FIG. 19 may be identical to the memories 112 and 122 of FIG. 1 . Alternatively, the memory 620 of FIG. 19 may be a separate external memory different from the memories 112 and 122 of FIG. 1 .

Referring to FIG. 19 , a power management module 611 manages power for the processor 610 and/or the transceiver 630. A battery 612 supplies power to the power management module 611. A display 613 outputs a result processed by the processor 610. A keypad 614 receives inputs to be used by the processor 610. The keypad 614 may be displayed on the display 613. A SIM card 615 may be an integrated circuit which is used to securely store an international mobile subscriber identity (IMSI) and its related key, which are used to identify and authenticate subscribers on mobile telephony devices such as mobile phones and computers.

Referring to FIG. 19 , a speaker 640 may output a result related to a sound processed by the processor 610. A microphone 641 may receive an input related to a sound to be used by the processor 610.

Hereinafter, technical features of channel bonding supported by the STA of the present disclosure will be described.

For example, in an IEEE 802.11n system, 40 MHz channel bonding may be performed by combining two 20 MHz channels. In addition, 40/80/160 MHz channel bonding may be performed in the IEEE 802.11ac system.

For example, the STA may perform channel bonding for a primary 20 MHz channel (P20 channel) and a secondary 20 MHz channel (S20 channel). A backoff count/counter may be used in the channel bonding process. The backoff count value may be chosen as a random value and decremented during the backoff interval. In general, when the backoff count value becomes 0, the STA may attempt to access the channel.

During the backoff interval, when the P20 channel is determined to be in the idle state and the backoff count value for the P20 channel becomes 0, the STA, performing channel bonding, determines whether an S20 channel has maintained an idle state for a certain period of time (for example, point coordination function interframe space (PIFS)). If the S20 channel is in an idle state, the STA may perform bonding on the P20 channel and the S20 channel. That is, the STA may transmit a signal (PPDU) through a 40 MHz channel (that is, a 40 MHz bonding channel) including a P20 channel and the S20 channel.

FIG. 20 shows an example of channel bonding. As shown in FIG. 20 , the primary 20 MHz channel and the secondary 20 MHz channel may make up a 40 MHz channel (primary 40 MHz channel) through channel bonding. That is, the bonded 40 MHz channel may include a primary 20 MHz channel and a secondary 20 MHz channel.

Channel bonding may be performed when a channel contiguous to the primary channel is in an idle state. That is, the Primary 20 MHz channel, the Secondary 20 MHz channel, the Secondary 40 MHz channel, and the Secondary 80 MHz channel can be sequentially bonded. However, if the secondary 20 MHz channel is determined to be in the busy state, channel bonding may not be performed even if all other secondary channels are in the idle state. In addition, when it is determined that the secondary 20 MHz channel is in the idle state and the secondary 40 MHz channel is in the busy state, channel bonding may be performed only on the primary 20 MHz channel and the secondary 20 MHz channel.

Hereinafter, preamble puncturing supported by a STA in the present disclosure will be described.

For example, in the example of FIG. 20 , if the Primary 20 MHz channel, the Secondary 40 MHz channel, and the Secondary 80 MHz channel are all in the idle state, but the Secondary 20 MHz channel is in the busy state, bonding to the secondary 40 MHz channel and the secondary 80 MHz channel may not be possible. In this case, the STA may configure a 160 MHz PPDU and may perform a preamble puncturing on the preamble transmitted through the secondary 20 MHz channel (for example, L-STF, L-LTF, L-SIG, RL-SIG, U-SIG, HE-SIG-A, HE-SIG-B, HE-STF, HE-LTF, EHT-SIG, EHT -STF, EHT-LTF, etc.), so that the STA may transmit a signal through a channel in the idle state. In other words, the STA may perform preamble puncturing for some bands of the PPDU. Information on preamble puncturing (for example, information about 20/40/80 MHz channels/bands to which puncturing is applied) may be included in a signal field (for example, HE-SIG-A, U-SIG, EHT-SIG) of the PPDU.

Hereinafter, technical features of a multi-link (ML) supported by a STA of the present disclosure will be described.

The STA (AP and/or non-AP STA) of the present disclosure may support multi-link (ML) communication. ML communication may refer to communication supporting a plurality of links. The link related to ML communication may include channels of the 2.4 GHz band shown in FIG. 15 , the 5 GHz band shown in FIG. 16 , and the 6 GHz band shown in FIG. 17 (for example, 20/40/80/160/240/320 MHz channels).

A plurality of links used for ML communication may be set in various ways. For example, a plurality of links supported by one STA for ML communication may be a plurality of channels in a 2.4 GHz band, a plurality of channels in a 5 GHz band, and a plurality of channels in a 6 GHz band. Alternatively, a plurality of links supported by one STA for ML communication may be a combination of at least one channel in the 2.4 GHz band (or 5 GHz/6 GHz band) and at least one channel in the 5 GHz band (or 2.4 GHz/6 GHz band). Meanwhile, at least one of the plurality of links supported by one STA for ML communication may be a channel to which preamble puncturing is applied.

The STA may perform an ML setup to perform ML communication. The ML setup may be performed based on a management frame or control frame such as a Beacon, a Probe Request/Response, an Association Request/Response, and the like. For example, information about ML setup may be included in an element field included in a Beacon, a Probe Request/Response, an Association Request/Response, and the like.

When ML setup is completed, an enabled link for ML communication may be determined. The STA may perform frame exchange through at least one of a plurality of links determined as an enabled link. For example, the enabled link may be used for at least one of a management frame, a control frame, and a data frame.

When one STA supports multiple links, a transceiver supporting each link may operate as one logical STA. For example, one STA supporting two links may be expressed as one Multi Link Device (MLD) including a first STA for the first link and a second STA for the second link. For example, one AP supporting two links may be expressed as one AP MLD including a first AP for a first link and a second AP for a second link. In addition, one non-AP supporting two links may be expressed as one non-AP MLD including a first STA for the first link and a second STA for the second link.

Hereinafter, more specific features related to the ML setup are described.

The MLD (AP MLD and/or non-AP MLD) may transmit, through ML setup, information on a link that the corresponding MLD can support. Link information may be configured in various ways. For example, information on the link may include at least one of 1) information on whether the MLD (or STA) supports simultaneous RX/TX operation, 2) information on the number/upper limit of uplink/downlink links supported by the MLD (or STA), 3) information on the location/band/resource of the uplink/downlink Link supported by the MLD (or STA), 4) information on the frame type (management, control, data, etc.) available or preferred in at least one uplink/downlink link, 5) information on ACK policy available or preferred in at least one uplink/downlink link, and 6) information on an available or preferred traffic identifier (TID) in at least one uplink/downlink Link. The TID is related to the priority of traffic data and is expressed as eight types of values according to the conventional wireless LAN standard. That is, eight TID values corresponding to four access categories (ACs) (AC _Background (AC_BK), AC_Best Effort (AC_BE), AC_Video (AC_VI), AC_Voice (AC_VO)) according to the conventional WLAN standard may be defined.

For example, it may be preset that all TIDs are mapped for uplink/downlink link. Specifically, if negotiation is not made through ML setup, if all TIDs are used for ML communication, and if the mapping between uplink/downlink link and TID is negotiated through additional ML settings, the negotiated TID may be used for ML communication.

Through ML setup, a plurality of links usable by the transmitting MLD and the receiving MLD related to ML communication may be set, and this may be referred to as an “enabled link”. The “enabled link” may be called differently in various expressions. For example, it may be referred to as various expressions such as a first link, a second link, a transmission link, and a reception link.

After the ML setup is completed, the MLD could update the ML setup. For example, the MLD may transmit information on a new link when it is necessary to update information on the link. Information on the new link may be transmitted based on at least one of a management frame, a control frame, and a data frame.

In extreme high throughput (EHT), a standard being discussed after IEEE802.11ax, the introduction of HARQ is being considered. When HARQ is introduced, coverage can be expanded in a low signal to noise ratio (SNR) environment, that is, in an environment where the distance between the transmitting terminal and the receiving terminal is long, and higher throughput may be obtained in a high SNR environment.

The device described below may be the apparatus of FIGS. 1 and/or 19 , and the PPDU described below may be the PPDU of FIG. 18 . The device may be an AP or a non-AP STA. The device described below may be an AP multi-link device (MLD) supporting multi-link or a non-AP STA MLD.

In extremely high throughput (EHT), a standard being discussed after 802.11ax, a multi-link environment using one or more bands at the same time is being considered. When the device supports multi-link or multi-link, the device may use one or more bands (e.g., 2.4 GHz, 5 GHz, 6 GHz, 60 GHz, etc.) simultaneously or alternately. Multi-link transmission can be classified into two types as shown in FIG. 21 .

Hereinafter, although described in the form of a multi-link, the frequency band may be configured in various other forms. Although terms such as multi-band and/or multi-link may be used in this specification, the following embodiments may be described based on multi-link for convenience of description below.

In the following specification, MLD refers to a multi-link device. The MLD has one or more affiliated STAs and has one MAC service access point (SAP) that connects to an upper link layer (Logical Link Control, LLC). The MLD may mean a physical device or a logical device. Hereinafter, a device may mean the MLD.

In the following specification, a transmitting device and a receiving device may refer to the MLD. The first link of the receiving/transmitting device may be a terminal (e.g., STA or AP) that performs signal transmission/reception through the first link included in the receiving/transmitting device. The second link of the receiving/transmitting device may be a terminal (e.g., STA or AP) that performs signal transmission/reception through the second link included in the receiving/transmitting device.

IEEE802.11be can support two types of multi-link operations. For example, simultaneous transmit and receive (STR) and non-STR operations may be considered. For example, an STR may be referred to as an asynchronous multi-link operation, and a non-STR may be referred to as a synchronous multi-link operation. The multi-link may include a multi-band. That is, the multi-link may mean a link included in several frequency bands, or may mean a plurality of links included in one frequency band.

FIG. 21 is a diagram illustrating an embodiment of a device supporting multi-link.

Referring to FIG. 21 , a STA multi-link device (MLD) (or multi-link logical entity (MLLE)) may have three links. The AP MLD and the STA MLD may perform channel access in different ways depending on the presence or absence of simultaneous transmit and receive (STR) capability. The STR capability may mean that transmission and reception can occur simultaneously on multiple links. That is, if there is no STR capability, if one link is transmitting a frame (i.e., PPDU) in TXOP, other link can only transmit, not receive, during the transmission. Hereinafter, an operation for the case where the link supported by the AP MLD does not have the STR capability (i.e., non-STR capability) is proposed.

When single-link (or legacy) STAs are spread over several links, it is difficult for an AP MLD to control them. Accordingly, in order for the AP MLD to easily control the single-link STAs, the single-link (or legacy) STAs may be aggregated/grouped/gathered into one link. Hereinafter, a link where the single-link STAs are aggregated/grouped/gathered may be referred to as a primary link (PL), and other links may be referred to as a non-PL, and the name may change. In addition, for one AP MLD and STAs, a plurality of non-STR sets in which the PL and the non-PL are paired may exist. The primary links may be in STR or in non-STR, but in the case of the non-STR relationship, the STR operation is restricted even between the primary links, so it is recommended to set STR-related links as the primary link. For example, as shown in FIG. 22 , one set in 5 GHz and one set in 6 GHz may be provided. A primary link may include a primary channel. That is, the primary link may be a link including a primary channel, and a non-primary link may be a link not including the primary channel.

FIG. 22 is a diagram illustrating an embodiment of a wireless LAN system.

Referring to FIG. 22 , the AP MLD may include an AP 1 (link 1) and an AP 2 (link 2) supporting the 5 GHz band, and an AP 3 (link 3) and an AP 4 (link 4) supporting the 6 GHz band) may be included. The AP 1 and the AP 3 may be related to primary links, and the AP 2 and the AP 4 may be related to non-primary links.

The link 1 and link 2 may configure one non-STR link set, and the link 3 and link 4 may configure one non-STR link set.

In addition, when multiple non-STR sets exist for one AP MLD and STAs, non-PLs between the non-STR sets may overlap. For example, as shown in FIG. 23 , Link 2 may be a non-PL of each non-STR link set.

FIG. 23 is a diagram illustrating an embodiment of a wireless LAN system.

Referring to FIG. 23 , the AP MLD may include an AP 1 (link 1) and an AP 2 (link 2) supporting the 5 GHz band, and may include an AP 4 (link 3) supporting the 6 GHz band. The AP 1 and the AP 4 may be primary links, and the AP 2 may be a non-primary link.

The link 1 and the link 2 may configure one non-STR link set, and the link 2 and the link 3 may configure one non-STR link set.

1) Signaling for Primary Link and Non-STR Link Set

The non-STR link set may be determined in a link setup stage, but the non-STR link set may be changed when events such as a link switching occur. The information related to the non-STR link set may be included in the EHT Capability/Operation element or a new multi-link related element, and the element including the information related to the non-STR link set may be included in a management frame such as a beacon. Alternatively, the information related to the non-STR link set may be included in the form of a control field and included in a new frame such as an ML setup frame. Information that may be included in the information related to the non-STR link set is as follows, but is not limited thereto.

Link identifier: This is an identifier that can distinguish each link, and the STA may be newly assigned this identifier for each link. Alternatively, the identifier of the STA may be configured based on the existing BSSID, BSS Color, or channel information related to the link.

Ex 1) New Link ID: 0, 1, ...

Ex 2) Channel information: The channel information may express a link ID as channel indication information used in HT/VHT/HE operation element, or primary channel number, center frequency, channel width, etc. newly defined in the EHT.

Ex 3) Link ID can be expressed using the existing Multi-band element and Neighbor report element.

Multi-link Operation Mode (MOM): This information determines whether it is non-STR or not

-   Ex) If MOM = 1, it operates as non-STR, otherwise it operates as STR -   Primary link indication (PLI): This information indicates the link     to be the primary link in the non-STR link set -   Ex 1) Primary link if PLI = 1, non-Primary link if 0 -   Ex 2) PL = Link ID

The above information combination may be as follows, but is not limited thereto.

Case Where Instruction Is Made Only for All Links, That Is, Setting Mode (i.e., STR or Non-STR) Is Made for all Links

Ex) [MOM = 1, PL = Link 1]: All links operate as non-STR, and the primary link is the Link 1.

Case Where MOM and Link Information Is Indicated in the Form of Tuple

Ex) [MOM = 1, Link ID = 1, PL = 1]: Link 1 is a non-STR and is a primary link.

When Multiple Links Are Applied to MOM, More Than One Link Information Can Be Combined in One MOM.

Ex) [MOM = 0, Link ID = 1, 2, PL = Link 1]: The link 1 and the link 2 are non-STR link sets, and the primary link is the Link 1.

If There Is a Link Order, It Can Be Indicated in the Form of a MOM Bitmap Without the Link Information.

Ex) [MOM bitmap: 0011, PL = Link 3]: The link 1 and the link 2 can operate based on STR, the link 3 and the link 4 are non-STR link sets, and the primary link is the link 3.

Case Whether It Is Indicated for a Link by a Band

Ex 1) When the band order is determined (2.4 GHz - 5 GHz - 6 GHz), [MOM = 010, PL = link 3]: Links within 2.4 GHz and 6 GHz are in STR, and links within 5 GHz are non-STR link set, the primary link is the link 3.

Ex 2) If the band order is not determined, [5 GHz + MOM = 1 + PL = Link 1, 6 GHz + MOM = 0]: Links within 5 GHz are non-STR link sets, and the primary link is the link 1. Links within 6 GHz are STR link sets.

Case Where It Is Indicated for Inter-Band Link

Ex) [5 GHz and 6 GHz, MOM = 1, PL =Link 1]: Links of 5 GHz and 6 GHz are non-STR link sets, and the primary link is the link 1

FIG. 24 is a diagram illustrating an embodiment of a method for establishing a non-STR link set and a primary link.

Referring to FIG. 24 , an AP MLLE may include an AP 1 to an AP 4, a Non-AP MLLE 1 may include a STA 1 and a STA 2, and a Non-AP MLLE 2 may include a STA 3 and a STA 4. After the STA 1 discovers an AP in the link 1, the AP 1 and the STA 1 may exchange non-STR related capabilities with each other. The links 1 and 2 may be configured as a non-STR link set. The link 1 may become a primary link (PL), and the AP 1 selects the link 1 as the PL, or the STA 1 requests the PL as the link 1 and the AP confirms. Similarly, the STA 4 of the Non-AP MLLE 2 may perform the same procedure after discovering the AP 4 on the link 4. The links 3 and 4 may be configured as a non-STR set.

After the above process, the non-STR link set has [link 1, link 2] and [link 3, link 4], and the link 1 and the link 4 may be set as primary links, respectively.

Case Where the Non-STR Link Set and STR Link Set Are Indicated

It is necessary to determine the non-STR link set and to indicate the relationship of the primary link. The relationship between primary links may be the STR or the non-STR, and may ultimately indicate an STR link set. Here, even if only the STR link set is known, the primary link of each Non-STR link set can be known. Alternatively, if the primary link is known, the STR link set can be known.

Ex) In the case of FIG. 22 , Non-STR link set: {Link 1, Link 2, Primary link = Link 1}, {Link 3, Link 4, Primary link = link 4}

-   A STR link set having a Primary link relationship: {Link 1, Link 4} -   Ex) In the case of FIG. 23 where Non-PL overlaps, Non-STR link set:     {Link 1, Link 2, Primary link = Link 1}, {Link 2, Link 3, Primary     link = Link 3}, a STR link set having a Primary link relationship:     {Link 1, Link 4} -   FIG. 25 is a diagram illustrating an embodiment of a non-STR and STR     link set signaling method.

Referring to FIG. 25 , after a STA 1 of a Non-AP MLD discovers an AP on the link 1, an AP 1 and the STA 1 may exchange non-STR related capabilities with each other. The AP MLD and non-AP MLD may set non-STR link sets to {link1, 2} and {link 2, 3}. In the AP MLD and/or non-AP MLD, if the primary links are always set in an STR relationship, the STR link set may be set to {link 1, link 3}. The MLD and/or non-AP MLD may know that primary links are the link 1 and link 3 through the STR link set, and that the link 2 overlaps in each set. Therefore, although the transmission in the links 1 and 2 and the transmission in the links 2 and 3 have restrictions on STR operation, the link 1 and link 3 can operate based on the STR.

2) Operation of Legacy STA and Single-Link 11be STA Existing in Non-STR Link Set and Operation of AP MLD 2 Legacy STA

Since the legacy STA uses the EDCA protocol, the AP cannot know when to transmit the UL to which link of the AP MLD. Therefore, it should always be on the primary link.

A) When There Is Only One PCH (i.e., Primary Link) in the non-STR Link Set

The legacy STA may find the primary link of the AP through scanning and may perform association with the primary link.

B) When There Are Multiple PCHs in the Non-STR Link Set

If the legacy STA enters the non-primary link of the AP MLD through scanning, the AP MLD may move the legacy STA to the primary link through channel switching as shown in FIG. 26 . At this time, the association may be established in the non-primary link, or an association may be established by moving to the primary link.

FIG. 26 is a diagram illustrating an embodiment of link switching.

Referring to FIG. 26 , when a legacy STA or single-link 11be STA is connected to the AP 2 (i.e., the link 2), the AP MLD may perform a link switching for the legacy STA or single-link 11be STA from the link 2 to the link 1 (primary link).

2 Single-Link 11be STA

Since the single-link 11be STA can use the EDCA protocol, the AP cannot know when to which link of the multi-link AP to perform UL transmission. Therefore, when the single-link 11be STA is always on the primary link or on the non-primary link, it can check whether the transmission is possible by sending an RTS-CTS.

A) When There Is Only One PCH in the Non-STR Link Set

The single-link STA may find the primary link of the AP through scanning and may perform an association with the primary link.

B) When There Are Multiple PCHs in the Non-STR Link Set

If the single-link STA enters the non-primary link of the AP through scanning, the AP MLD may move the single-link STA to the primary link through signaling and/or channel switching described the above method 1). The single-link STA may establish association with the AP MLD in the non-primary link, or may move to the primary link and establish association with the AP MLD. When the single-link STA establishes association with the AP MLD in the non-primary link, the AP MLD may move the single-link STA to the primary link, and transmit a frame, such as the multi-link setup frame, to the single-link STA thereby performing setup to transmit data in the link.

For example, in the case of multiple PCH, the single-link STA may discover a non-primary link and transmit data in the corresponding link. In this case, the single-link STA transmits data through the non-primary link rather than the primary link. Therefore, it is possible to check whether transmission is possible through RTS-CTS or the like. For example, if UL or DL is being transmitted in the primary link, the AP MLD may not transmit the CTS to the single-link STA.

3) Operation of STA MLD Existing in Non-STR Link Set (Including AP MLD Operation)

The STA MLD should always transmit data including the primary link. The STA MLD may be able to protect the primary link for a legacy STA or a single-link STA through data transmission using the primary link. Another STA MLD operating including the primary link may not transmit data even in a non-primary link in which data is not transmitted during the frame duration of data transmitted in the primary link. However, in the case of multiple PCHs, there is a method of using a non-primary link in which data is not transmitted, which will be described below.

A) Case Where There Is Only One PCH in the Non-STR Link Set

The ML STA will find the primary link of the AP through scanning and perform association the ML STA. In particular, channel access is performed based on back-off in PCH, and channel access rules may be used as follows (refer to FIGS. 27 to 29 ).

FIGS. 27 to 29 are diagrams illustrating an embodiment of a channel access method.

A The Existing Channel Access Rule for Wide-Bandwidth Is Used for All Links (Primary Link + Non-Primary Link).

For example, the MLD may check the channel state in the order from the Primary 20 (P20) of the primary link up to the non-primary link. For example, referring to the left figure of FIG. 27 , the channel state can be checked in the order of P20 → Secondary 20 (S20) → S40 → S80. Thereafter, the channel state for the entire non-primary link may be checked. For example, the channel state for S80-2 may be checked.

For example, the channel state check may start from P20 of the primary link, and when multiple non-primary links exist, the order of which link to check the channel state from may be determined based on signaling in the step 1).

Ex) If there are 3 links, Channel Status Check: Primary link → Non-primary link 1 → Non-primary link 2

Ex) The order of checking the channel status may be determined in the same order as the link information is indicated. That is, the channel state check may be performed in the same order as the link information.

The MLD checks the channel status of the entire 80 MHz if 80 MHz remains after S80 (e.g., total 240 MHz case), and if 160 MHz remains (e.g., total 320 MHz case), the channel status of the entire 160 MHz can be checked. That is, clear channel assessment (CCA) may be performed in the order of P20 → Secondary 20 (S20) → S40 → S80 → S80-2 or S160.

A The Existing Wide-Bandwidth Channel Access Rule May Be Used for Each Link.

The channel can be used more efficiently than the method A-1), but the CCA must be performed for more bandwidth

For example, the method A-1) can be applied to the primary link and each non-primary link, respectively. For example, referring to the right figure of FIG. 27 , it is possible to check the channel state in the order of 20 → 20 → 40 (MHz) based on the first 20 MHz set for the non-primary link.

The MLD checks the channel status of the entire 80 MHz if 80 MHz remains after S80 (e.g., total 240 MHz case), and if 160 MHz remains (e.g., total 320 MHz case), the channel status of the entire 160 MHz can be checked. That is, clear channel assessment (CCA) may be performed in the order of P20 → Secondary 20 (S20) → S40 → S80 → S80-2 or S160.

The first 20 MHz channel of the non-primary link may or may not be a channel for BSS functionality as in the primary link. That is, the 20 MHz channel may be a unit for only checking the channel state. That is, when signaling channel information for a link in the Multi-Link Setup step, the channel information may also include a CCA unit.

For example, when performing the CCA on a non-primary link, a channel state for a certain period (e.g., PIFS, AIFS[AC], one slot, etc.) may be checked.

For example, the timing of the CCA of the non-primary link may be as follows.

1. Case where the secondary channel that performs the CCA last within the primary link (e.g., S80 at 160 MHz) is IDLE.

2. Case where the first 20 MHz, regardless of the CCA result of the primary link (however, P20 of the primary link should be IDLE), i.e., P20 is IDLE.

Since the second method (i.e., the method 2) can perform the CCA independently of the CCA result of the primary link, resource efficiency may be better than the first method (i.e., the method 1).

FIG. 27 is a diagram illustrating an embodiment of methods A-1 and A-2.

Referring to FIG. 27 , in the A-1 method (left side of FIG. 27 ), the existing rule is applied to the whole bands, and when S80 is IDLE, if the bandwidth of the non-primary link is 80 MHz, the MLD can perform the CCA for 80 MHz. The A-2 method (the right side of FIG. 27 ) is applied similarly to the existing rule for the non-primary link. For example, in the case of 80 MHz bandwidth, the MLD can perform the CCA in the order of 20 MHz → 40Mz from a predetermined 20 MHz, and the time when MLD performs the CCA for the first 20 MHz may be the time when S80 is idle. Alternatively, the time when the MLD performs the CCA for the first 20 MHz may be the time when P20 of the primary link is idle, and then the CCA for the non-primary link may be performed independently regardless of channels except P20 of the primary link.

A The CCA Can Be Performed for Non-Primary Links Based on a Specific Unit: Channel Can Be Used More Efficiently than the Method A-1), but in Case of 20 MHz, CCA Must Be Performed for More Bandwidth.

CCA may be independently performed for the x MHz unit.

The x MHz may be 20 MHz, 40 MHz, etc.

For example, if the unit is set to 20 MHz for the non-primary link and the bandwidth is 160 MHz, the CCA may be independently performed for eight 20 MHz (channels).

For example, when performing the CCA on a non-primary link, a channel state for a certain period (e.g., PIFS, AIFS[AC], one slot, etc.) may be checked.

For example, the timing of performing the CCA of the non-primary link for each x MHz may be as follows.

-   1. Case where the secondary channel performing the CCA last within     the primary link (e.g., S80 within 160 MHz) is IDLE -   2. Case where the first 20 MHz, regardless of the CCA result of the     primary link (however, P20 of the primary link should be IDLE),     i.e., P20 is IDLE.

Since the second method (i.e., the method 2) can perform the CCA independently of the CCA result of the primary link, resource efficiency may be better than the first method (i.e., the method 1).

FIG. 28 is a diagram illustrating an embodiment of method A-3.

Referring to FIG. 28 , the method A-3 is a method of independently performing the CCA for a non-primary link based on a specific bandwidth unit. The left side is performed based on a unit of 40 MHz, and the right is performed based on a unit of 20 MHz. The time when the MLD performs the CCA on the non-primary link may be the time when the S80 is IDLE or the P20 of the primary link is IDLE, and thereafter the CCA for the non-primary link can be performed independently regardless of the channel except the P20 of the primary link.

A The CCA Can Be Performed in Units of X MHz for Both the Primary Link and the Non-Primary Links.

The present method can use channels more efficiently than all of the above methods, but may require a large number of CCAs to be performed.

The CCA is performed independently for x MHz units.

The x MHz may be 20 MHz, 40 MHz, etc.

For example, if the unit is 20 MHz for the (Non-) primary link and the bandwidth is 160 MHz, the CCA may be independently performed for eight 20 MHz (channels).

CCA units in the primary link and non-primary link may be different. For example, the CCA may be performed in units of 20 MHz for the primary link and 40 MHz for the non-primary link.

Except for the channel that performs a back-off in the primary link (that is, the primary channel), the MLD can check the channel status for a certain period (e.g., PIFS, AIFS[AC], one slot) when performing the CCA.

FIG. 29 is a diagram illustrating an embodiment of method A-4.

Referring to FIG. 29 , the method A-4 can independently perform the CCA for all links based on a specific bandwidth unit. However, the left side shows an example in which the primary link is described in units of 20 MHz and the non-primary link is described in units of 40 MHz, and the right side shows an example in which both the primary link and the non-primary link are described in units of 20 MHz. Here, even if the CCA is performed independently for each channel, data can be transmitted in other channels only when a condition for transmitting in P20 (e.g., backoff count = 0) is first met.

B) Case Where There Are Multiple PCHs (That Is, Primary Links) in the Non-STR Link Set

The MLD STA must always transmit data including the primary link. The MLD STA may operate in several cases as follows.

B Case Where the Back-Off Counter (BC) of the PCH of the Primary Link Becomes/Reaches Zero (0)

If the PCH of the non-primary link is IDLE for a certain period (e.g., PIFS, AIFS[AC], one slot, etc.), the link may be aggregated. The secondary channel (SCH) in each link is performing sensing (e.g., in the order of S20→ S40 → S80 in 160 MHz (no preamble puncturing)) for a certain period of time (e.g., PIFS, AIFS[AC], one slot, etc.) to determine whether data transmission is possible.

Here, each non-PL may or may not have a BC. When a beacon needs to be transmitted by an entity such as an AP, a non-PL may have a BC.

When the Non-PL has a BC, the BC of the Non-PL may be decremented/counted-down to zero (0) or may be maintained. That is, when the BC of the PL becomes/reaches zero (0), the MLD may aggregate the non-PL to perform transmission in both the PL and the non-PL. Further, in this case, the BC of the non-PL can be decremented/counted-down to zero (0). When transmitting data, it is possible to increase the advantageous effect of link aggregation by transmitting more data quickly by using up to a channel that is not yet BC = 0, but the probability of collision may increase. In particular, since the method of decrementing/counting-down the BC to zero (0) is a method of ignoring the existing BC, the probability of collision may increase further.

However, channel access can be equally performed by competing with legacy STAs in the same primary link, and the throughput can also be increased by additionally aggregating the non-PL. The legacy STA and single-link STAs may not exist in the non-PL, and the MLD STA that has obtained the TXOP through channel access in the primary link may aggregate the non-PL to transmit data.

Alternatively, for example, when the BC of the PL becomes/reaches zero (0), the MLD may transmit data only through the PL without aggregating the non-PL.

B Case Whether the BC Exists in the PCH of Non-Primary Link and This BC Becomes/Reaches Zero (0) First

Since data must always be transmitted through the PL, the following operations can be performed.

A. Case Where It Is Deferred Until the BC of the PL Becomes/Reaches Zero (0)

FIG. 30 is a diagram showing an embodiment of B-2) A.

Referring to FIG. 30 , the MLD may not transmit on the non-PL even when the BC of the non-PL becomes/reaches zero (0) and may defer until the BC of the PL becomes/reaches zero (0). During this time, the BC can be maintained to be zero. After that, if the BC of the PL becomes/reaches zero (0) and the channel state of the non-PL is IDLE, the PPDU may be transmitted by aggregating the PL and the non-PL. However, when the BC of the PL becomes/reaches zero (0), since the channel state of non-PL may be BUSY again, from when the BC of the non-PL becomes/reaches zero (0), the MLD may continuously determine whether data transmission is possible by sensing the non-PL for a certain period (e.g., PIFS, AIFS[AC], one slot, etc.), and can transmit data when the PL and the non-PL are idle. Here, another non-PL may also be aggregated as in B-1).

B. If the non-PL is IDLE, aggregation can be performed by the method B-1). However, if the non-PL is BUSY, from this point on, it is possible to continuously determine whether data transmission is possible by sensing the non-PL for a certain period (e.g., PIFS, AIFS[AC], one slot, etc.). If the PL and the non-PL are IDLE, data can be transmitted. Here, another non-PL may also be aggregated as in B-1).

FIG. 31 is a diagram showing an embodiment of B-2) B.

Referring to FIG. 31 , the BC of the non-PL may become/reach zero (0) first. The non-PL may defer transmission even when the BC becomes zero (0), and the BC may be maintained to be zero (0) during this time. Thereafter, when the BC of the PL becomes/reaches zero (0), if the channel state of the non-PL is BUSY, the MLD cannot transmit data, and when the PL and the non-PL become IDLE for a certain period of time (e.g., xIFS), the PL and the non-PL can be aggregated to transmit data simultaneously through the PL and the non-PL.

The methods described above are considered based on the primary link/non-primary link when the AP MLD has a non-STR link set. However, although the AP MLD is in STR for a certain link set, the primary link may be utilized even when the non-AP MLD is in non-STR.

First, it is assumed that the AP MLD is in STR for a certain link set, and the non-AP MLD is in non-STR for the same link set. The methods considered above use the primary link from the point of view of the AP MLD, but in this case, the primary link from the point of view of the non-AP MLD is considered. That is, the AP MLD may perform EDCA on all links, and the non-AP MLD may perform EDCA only on links configured as primary links among the links. The Primary links may be different between the Non-AP MLDs.

As a method of notifying the primary link, the methods of notifying the non-STR link set and the primary link above can be used. However, it is necessary to additionally transmit the non-STR link set of the non-AP MLD, and the following method may be used.

1) Case Where the Non-AP MLD Requests

FIG. 32 is a diagram illustrating an embodiment of a method for a non-AP MLD to request a primary link establishment.

Referring to FIG. 32 , the AP MLD transmits, to the non-AP MLD, information that links 1, 2, and 3 are STR link sets, and the non-AP MLD notifies that the link 1 and the link 2 are non-STRs from their point of view. At this time, the non-AP MLD sets the primary link as the link 2 and transmit a request to the AP MLD. The AP MLD may transmit a response (i.e., confirm) signal in response to the request of the non-AP MLD.

2) Case Where the AP MLD Determines the Non-STR Link Set of the Non-AP MLD

FIG. 33 is a diagram illustrating an embodiment of a method for an AP MLD to establish a primary link.

Referring to FIG. 33 , the AP MLD transmits, to the non-AP MLD, information that the links 1, 2, and 3 are STR link sets, and the non-AP MLD may transmit information that the link 1 and link 2 are non-STRs from their point of view. The AP MLD may determine the link 2 as a primary link in the non-STR link set and transmit information related to the primary link to the STA.

Channel Access Method

When a frame is transmitted between an AP MLD and a non-AP MLD having a primary link in common, the primary link should be included.

1. Ap Mld

The AP MLD performs an EDCA back-off on each link, but the following rule may be required for a non-AP MLD in non-STR.

Rule 1: In the AP MLD, when BC = 0 (TXOP acquisition) in one link, if the link is not the primary link (PL) of any non-AP MLD, no scheduling for the STA (i.e., the link) of the non-AP MLD is performed.

FIG. 34 is a diagram illustrating an embodiment of Rule 1.

Referring to FIG. 34 , the PL of the non-AP MLD 1 may be the link 1, and the PL of the non-AP MLD 2 may be the link 2. When the AP MLD acquires the TXOP on the link 1, the AP MLD may not transmit the PPDU to the STA 3 because the corresponding link is not the PL of the non-AP MLD 2. For example, the AP-MLD may transmit the PPDU only to the STA 1 of the Non-AP MLD 1 and may not transmit the PPDU to STA 3 of the Non-AP MLD 2. Similarly, when the AP MLD acquires the TXOP on the link 2, the PPDU may not be transmitted to the STA 2 because the corresponding link is not the PL of the non-AP MLD 1. For example, the AP-MLD may not transmit the PPDU to only STA 2 of the Non-AP MLD 1, but may transmit the PPDU only to STA 4 of the Non-AP MLD 2.

2. Non-AP MLD

The non-AP MLD uses the same method as channel access (i.e., “3) Operation of STA MLD existing in Non-STR link set (including AP MLD operation)”) when the above-mentioned AP MLD has a primary link.

FIG. 35 is a diagram illustrating an embodiment of a transmitting multi-link device (MLD) operation.

Referring to FIG. 35 , the transmitting MLD may include a first station (STA) and a second STA, the first STA may operate on a first link, and the second STA may operate on a second link.

The transmitting MLD may perform channel access (S3510). For example, the transmit MLD may perform the channel access on the first link and the second link, wherein the first link may be a primary link and the second link is a non-primary link.

The transmitting MLD may defer a PPDU transmission (S3520). For example, the transmitting MLD defers transmission of a first physical protocol data unit (PPDU) on the second link based on a back-off counter (BC) of the second link being/reaching zero and the BC being/reaching non-zero in the first link. (defer)

For example, if the BC exists in the PCH of the non-primary link and this BC becomes/reaches zero (0) first, the PL must always transmit data, so the following operation may be performed.

A. Case where it is deferred until the BC of the PL becomes zero (0)

For example, referring to FIG. 30 , even if the BC of the non-PL becomes/reaches zero (0), the MLD does not transmit on the non-PL, and may defer until the BC of the PL becomes/reaches zero (0). During this time, the BC can be maintained to be zero. After that, if the BC of the PL becomes/reaches zero (0) and the channel state of the non-PL is IDLE, the PPDU may be transmitted by aggregating the PL and the non-PL. However, when the BC of the PL becomes/reaches zero (0), the channel state of non-PL may be BUSY again. Therefore, from when the BC of the non-PL becomes/reaches zero (0), the MLD can continuously determine whether data transmission is possible by sensing the non-PL for a certain period (e.g., PIFS, AIFS[AC], one slot, etc.), and can transmit data if the PL and the non-PL are IDLE.

B. If the non-PL is BUSY, from this point on, it is possible to continuously determine whether data transmission is possible by sensing the non-PL for a certain period (e.g., PIFS, AIFS[AC], one slot, etc.). If the PL and the non-PL are IDLE, data can be transmitted.

For example, referring to FIG. 31 , the BC of the non-PL may become/reach zero (0) first. The non-PL may defer transmission even when the BC becomes zero (0), and the BC may be maintained to be zero (0) during this time. Thereafter, when the BC of the PL becomes/reaches zero (0), if the channel state of the non-PL is BUSY, the MLD cannot transmit data, and when the PL and the non-PL become IDLE for a certain period of time (e.g., xIFS), the PL and the non-PL can be aggregated to transmit data simultaneously through the PL and the non-PL.

The transmitting MLD may transmit a PPDU (S3530). The first PPDU may be transmitted on the second link based on that BCs of the first and second links are both zeros (0). The transmitting MLD may transmit the second PPDU on the first link based on that BCs of the first and second links are both zeros (0). For example, the transmitting MLD may transmit the first PPDU on the first link and transmit the second PPDU on the second link based on that BCs of both the first and second links are zeros (0). For example, time points at which transmission of the first PPDU and the second PPDU start may be same, and time points at which transmission of the first PPDU and the second PPDU end may be same.

For example, the transmitting MLD may transmit the first PPDU on the second link based on that both BCs of the first and second links are 0 and the channel of the second link is idle for a preset time period.

For example, if BCs of the first and second links are both zeros and a channel of the second link is not idle for a preset period, the first PPDU can be transmitted on the second link when both channels of the first and second links become idle during the preset period.

For example, while a BC of the second link can be maintained to be zero while deferring transmission of the first PPDU on the second link based on that the BC of the second link is zero and the BC of the first link is not zero.

FIG. 36 is a diagram illustrating an embodiment of a receiving MLD operation.

Referring to FIG. 36 , the receiving MLD may include a first STA and a second STA, the first STA may operate on a first link, and the second STA may operate on a second link.

The receiving MLD may receive the PPDU (S3610). For example, the receiving MLD may receive the first and second physical protocol data units (PPDUs) on the first and second links.

The receiving MLD may decode the PPDU (S3620). For example, the receiving MLD may decode a first PPDU received on the first link and a second PPDU received on the second link.

Some of the detailed steps shown in the examples of FIGS. 35 and 36 may not be essential steps and may be omitted. In addition to the steps shown in FIGS. 35 and 36 , other steps may be added, and the order of the steps may vary. Some of the above steps may have separate and independent technical meaning.

The technical features of the present specification described above may be applied to various devices and methods. For example, the above-described technical features of the present specification may be performed/supported through the apparatus of FIGS. 1 and/or 19 . For example, the technical features of the present specification described above may be applied only to a part of FIGS. 1 and/or 19 . For example, the technical features of the present specification described above are implemented based on the processing chip(s) 114 and/or 124 of FIG. 1 , or implemented based on the processor(s) 111 and/or 121 and the memory(s) 112 and/or 122 of FIG. 1 , or may be implemented based on the processor 610 and the memory 620 of FIG. 19 . For example, an apparatus herein may include a memory and a processor operatively coupled to the memory, wherein the processor is configured to: perform channel access on the first link and the second link, wherein the first link is a primary link and the second link is a non-primary link; defer transmission of a first physical protocol data unit (PPDU) on the second link based on that a back-off counter (BC) of the second link is zero and a BC of the first link is not zero; and transmit the first PPDU on the second link based on that BCs of the first and second links are both zeros.

The technical features of the present specification may be implemented based on a computer readable medium (CRM). For example, the CRM proposed by the present specification stores instructions that, based on being executed by at least one processor of a transmitting multi-link device (MLD) in a wireless local area network (WLAN) system. The CRM may perform operations comprising: performing channel access on the first link and the second link, wherein the first link is a primary link and the second link is a non-primary link; deferring transmission of a first physical protocol data unit (PPDU) on the second link based on that a back-off counter (BC) of the second link is zero and a BC of the first link is not zero; and transmitting the first PPDU on the second link based on that BCs of the first and second links are both zeros.

The instructions stored in the CRM of the present specification may be executed by at least one processor. At least one processor related to CRM in the present specification may be the processor(s) 111 and/or 121 or the processing chip(s) 114 and/or 124 of FIG. 1 , or the processor 610 of FIG. 19 . Meanwhile, the CRM of the present specification may be the memory(s) 112 and/or 122 of FIG. 1 , the memory 620 of FIG. 19 , or a separate external memory/storage medium/disk.

The foregoing technical features of this specification are applicable to various applications or business models. For example, the foregoing technical features may be applied for wireless communication of a device supporting artificial intelligence (AI).

Artificial intelligence refers to a field of study on artificial intelligence or methodologies for creating artificial intelligence, and machine learning refers to a field of study on methodologies for defining and solving various issues in the area of artificial intelligence. Machine learning is also defined as an algorithm for improving the performance of an operation through steady experiences of the operation.

An artificial neural network (ANN) is a model used in machine learning and may refer to an overall problem-solving model that includes artificial neurons (nodes) forming a network by combining synapses. The artificial neural network may be defined by a pattern of connection between neurons of different layers, a learning process of updating a model parameter, and an activation function generating an output value.

The artificial neural network may include an input layer, an output layer, and optionally one or more hidden layers. Each layer includes one or more neurons, and the artificial neural network may include synapses that connect neurons. In the artificial neural network, each neuron may output a function value of an activation function of input signals input through a synapse, weights, and deviations.

A model parameter refers to a parameter determined through learning and includes a weight of synapse connection and a deviation of a neuron. A hyper-parameter refers to a parameter to be set before learning in a machine learning algorithm and includes a learning rate, the number of iterations, a mini-batch size, and an initialization function.

Learning an artificial neural network may be intended to determine a model parameter for minimizing a loss function. The loss function may be used as an index for determining an optimal model parameter in a process of learning the artificial neural network.

Machine learning may be classified into supervised learning, unsupervised learning, and reinforcement learning.

Supervised learning refers to a method of training an artificial neural network with a label given for training data, wherein the label may indicate a correct answer (or result value) that the artificial neural network needs to infer when the training data is input to the artificial neural network. Unsupervised learning may refer to a method of training an artificial neural network without a label given for training data. Reinforcement learning may refer to a training method for training an agent defined in an environment to choose an action or a sequence of actions to maximize a cumulative reward in each state.

Machine learning implemented with a deep neural network (DNN) including a plurality of hidden layers among artificial neural networks is referred to as deep learning, and deep learning is part of machine learning. Hereinafter, machine learning is construed as including deep learning.

The foregoing technical features may be applied to wireless communication of a robot.

Robots may refer to machinery that automatically process or operate a given task with own ability thereof. In particular, a robot having a function of recognizing an environment and autonomously making a judgment to perform an operation may be referred to as an intelligent robot.

Robots may be classified into industrial, medical, household, military robots and the like according uses or fields. A robot may include an actuator or a driver including a motor to perform various physical operations, such as moving a robot j oint. In addition, a movable robot may include a wheel, a brake, a propeller, and the like in a driver to run on the ground or fly in the air through the driver.

The foregoing technical features may be applied to a device supporting extended reality.

Extended reality collectively refers to virtual reality (VR), augmented reality (AR), and mixed reality (MR). VR technology is a computer graphic technology of providing a real-world object and background only in a CG image, AR technology is a computer graphic technology of providing a virtual CG image on a real object image, and MR technology is a computer graphic technology of providing virtual objects mixed and combined with the real world.

MR technology is similar to AR technology in that a real object and a virtual object are displayed together. However, a virtual object is used as a supplement to a real object in AR technology, whereas a virtual object and a real object are used as equal statuses in MR technology.

XR technology may be applied to a head-mount display (HMD), a head-up display (HUD), a mobile phone, a tablet PC, a laptop computer, a desktop computer, a TV, digital signage, and the like. A device to which XR technology is applied may be referred to as an XR device.

The claims recited in the present specification may be combined in a variety of ways. For example, the technical features of the method claims of the present specification may be combined to be implemented as a device, and the technical features of the device claims of the present specification may be combined to be implemented by a method. In addition, the technical characteristics of the method claim of the present specification and the technical characteristics of the device claim may be combined to be implemented as a device, and the technical characteristics of the method claim of the present specification and the technical characteristics of the device claim may be combined to be implemented by a method. 

What is claimed is:
 1. A method in a wireless local area network (WLAN) system, the method comprising: performing, by a first station (STA) affiliated with a multi-link device (MLD), channel access, wherein the first STA operates on a first link that is a part of a non-simultaneous transmit and receive (NSTR) link pair for the MLD, wherein the MLD includes a second STA operating on a second link of the NSTR link pair of the MLD; deferring, by the first STA, transmission of a first physical protocol data unit (PPDU) on the first link based on a back-off counter (BC) of the first STA reaching zero; and after the BC of the first STA reaches zero, initiating, by the first STA, the transmission of the first PPDU on the first link based on the BC of the first STA being zero and the second STA obtaining a transmission opportunity.
 2. The method of claim 1, wherein the first STA keeps the BC of the first STA at zero while deferring the transmission of the first PPDU.
 3. The method of claim 1, wherein the second STA obtains the transmission opportunity based a BC of the second STA reaching zero.
 4. The method of claim 1, wherein a start time of the first PPDU is aligned based on a start time of a second PPDU of the second STA.
 5. The method of claim 4, wherein the first STA and the second STA are allowed to access wireless medium on corresponding links at same time.
 6. A first station (STA) in a wireless local area network (WLAN) system, comprising: a transceiver transmitting and/or receiving a wireless signal; and a processor controlling the transceiver, wherein the first STA is affiliated with a multi-link device (MLD), wherein the processor is configured to: performing channel access, wherein the first STA operates on a first link that is a part of a non-simultaneous transmit and receive (NSTR) link pair for the MLD, wherein the MLD includes a second STA operating on a second link of the NSTR link pair of the MLD; deferring transmission of a first physical protocol data unit (PPDU) on the first link based on a back-off counter (BC) of the first STA reaching zero; and after the BC of the first STA reaches zero, initiate the transmission of the first PPDU on the first link based on the BC of the first STA being zero and a second STA obtaining the transmission opportunity.
 7. The first STA of claim 6, wherein the first STA keeps the BC of the first STA at zero while deferring the transmission of the first PPDU.
 8. The first STA of claim 6, wherein the second STA obtains the transmission opportunity based a BC of the second STA reaching zero.
 9. The first STA of claim 6, wherein a start time of the first PPDU is aligned based on a start time of a second PPDU of the second STA.
 10. The first STA of claim 9, wherein the first STA and the second STA are allowed to access wireless medium on corresponding links at same time. 